Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: NHÌN LẠI VĂN HỌC CAMPUCHIA SAU 1993 doc

NGHE THUAT BQN PHl/HNn NHIN LAI VAN HOC CAMPUCHIA SAU 199? NGUYfiN SY TUAN V e van hgc, sir thay ddi di nhan thay la su tai lap Hgi nhirng nha sang tac Khame (Hdi nha van), vao ngay 12-4- 1993 (1). Ltic tai lap, Hgi chi cd 20 hgi vien, trong dd cd 11 hgi vien la nhtfng ngudi may man cdn sd'ng sdt sau nan diet chung, do nha van You Bo lam Chti tich Hdi. Sau dd, Hgi da tie'n hanh phat trien them nhilu hgi vien mdi d Phndm Penh va cac tinh, thanh (de'n nam 2003, Hdi da cd 186 hdi vien), td chtrc cac ldp hgc ve sang tac van hgc. Dac biet, Hdi da tfch circ van ddng cac td ehtfc thudc chfnh phu va cac td ehtfc phi chi'nh phu (NGO) iing hd, tai trg cho phong trao sang tac van hgc. Tit nam 1995, Hdi da td chtfe cac eugc thi sang tac van hgc, trao cac giai thudng hang nam: (gidi thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech vdi sir hd trg cua Qudc vuang N.Sihanouk va gidi thifdng ngdy bdy thdng gieng vdi sir hd trg cua Thu tudng Hun Sen). Mdi mdt giai thudng deu cd nhifng nguyen tac, the le, tieu chf rieng. Viec Thu tudng Chfnh phu va Qudc vuong dtfng ten giai thudng da thu htit dugc nhieu ngudi sang tac van hgc tham gia. Hai su kidn cd y nghia n(>ibatcudifKXX,k»Hidp dinh hda binh Paris ve Campuehia (1991) vd thanh ldp Chinh phu lidn hidp Vdong QUOC Campuehia (1993), da Idm thay ddi didn mao Campuehia, dda dd't nudc nay vdo thdi ky phat trien mdt. Nl^u tthir ve kinh td, Campuehia thue hien mot ndn kinh td thj trtfdng tu do vatu nhdn bda thi vd'chinb tri, Campuehia trd lai che dd quan ehu ldp hidn, ddng thdi thuc hidn dudng ldi ddn chd, tu do, da ddng. Nhdng thay ddi nay da keo theo su thay doi trong nhidu iinh vuc khde cua ddi sdng xa hdi Cung can ndi them la phong trao sang tac van hgc trong thdi ky nay cdn dugc trg gitip dac lire cua bao chf, vd'n mgc len nhu nam ngay sau khi Campuehia dugc thanh lap va thtrc hien dudng ldi ttr do, dan chit. Chi rieng d Phndm Penh da cd 54 td bao, hau he't deu cd trang cd dinh de dang lien tire cac truyen ngan, tieu thuyet va tha. Trong cac cudc thi nay, ben canh mdt sd tac gia vd'n da xuat hien trong thdi ky Cgng hda nhan dan Campuehia (1979-1991) nay tie'p tuc khang dinh gia trj, tai nang cua minh trong giai doan mdi nhu Ven Xdn, Un Xoe Heang, Kum Pech Pinudn, Mau Xomnang , mdt sd tac gia tre da xua't hien. Cac lihuynh liUdng van hoc Cd le hie'm nai dau nhu d day, chi trong khoang 40 nam, ngudi dan da trai 5 che do chfnh tri khac nhau (2), da nem trai, chiem nghiem de'n tan cung cua mgi sir dau khd, hanh phtic. Cac nha van cung vay. Mat khac, ttr sau nam 1993, Campuehia trd ve vdi the che quan chti lap hie'n nhung lai theo dudng ldi tu do, dan chti, da nguyen, da dang. Vi the Campuehia tdn tai rai nhieu dang phai (da cd ltic len tdi 57 dang phai), tao nen btfc tranh chfnh tri da sdc mau. Diiu nay da tac ddng khdng nhd de'n ddi sdng van hda, xa hdi ciia Campuehia. Trong linh virc van hgc nhieu khuynh hudng sang tae khac nhau da xuai hien. Tuy nhien, nhin tdng quat, cd may khuynh hudng mang tinh ndi trdi sau day. Sd313 Thang 7-2010 VAN HOA NGHI^ THUAT MIWC MCOAI Mdt la, tiep tuc vie't ve nhirng ma't mat, dau thuang ma dan tgc Campuehia phai ganh chiu dudi thdi Pdl Pdt. Phai ndi rang diet chimg khdng cdn la van de hay mdt de tai mdi me, mang tinh thdi sir. Trong nhtrng nam tam muoi cua the'ky trudc, nd ttrng la khuynh hudng van hgc chu dao. Cac nha chi'nh tri thdi dd cung tung yeu cau vie't ve che do diet chung, vtra de nhan dan nhan thtfc mdt each day dli ve tdi ac cita che do diet chung, lai vtra khdng dugc tao nen cam giac sg hai, khdng dam da'u tranh chd'ng lai bgn diet chung. Ttr sau nam 1993, khi Campuehia budc vao thdi ky hda binh, nhat la trong thdi gian dau sau tdng tuyen cir, khi hda giai hda hgp dan tgc dugc coi la mdt chien lugc nham tao nen stfe manh qudc gia thi viei ve die dp diet chiing lai mang mgt yeu cau khac, khdng phai la khai day hay khoet sau vao ndi dau vtra li6n da thit ma la nhdc nhd mgi ngudi, khdng vi sir bdn b6 cua cudc sd'ng hien thdi ma quen mdt thdi qua khu dau thuang. Hai la, tie'p tiic phan anh sir kien ngay 7-1-1979 va khdng dinh thanh tim cua che do Cdng hda nhan dan Campuehia. Cac tac pham theo khuynh hudng nay thudng mang tinh luan de nhdm chtfng minh cho mdt chan ly rdng ne'u khdng cd ngay nay thi Campuehia se khdng cd cudc hdi sinh ky dieu, se khdng cd Hiep dinh hda binh Paris vi Campuehia nam 1991, se khdng cd cudc tdng tuyen cir nam 1993, se khdng cd Vuong qudc Campuehia II (3) va ta't nhien khdng cd sir phat trien nhu ngay nay. Ba la, vie't ve cudc sd'ng hien tai dudi tac ddng ciia nin kinh te thj trudng va tu tudng dan chu, tiJ do, da dang Nhtfng ngudi di theo khuynh hudng nay thudng bam sat hien thuc ddi sd'ng sdi dgng, nhilu mau ve, vdi nhtfng mang sang, td'i khac nhau, cd cam hirng mang tfnh nggi ca nhung cung cd sir rtrt re e ngai vi nhting mat trai cua nen kinh te thi trudng. Mot sd tac gia, tac pham tieu bieu Ven Xdn (1939), hdi vien Hdi nha van, bdt dau sang tac van hoc ttr sau ngay Campuehia thoat khdi nan diet chiing. Nam 1987, tac phdm Mdi mdi dpi chd cua dng dat giai ba. Nam 1991, dng doat giai nha't cudc thi tho toan qudc vdi tac phdm Ldi ddn nhd tha (Bdn ddm kavdy). Ca hai cudc thi nay do Bd Van hda, Thdng tin, Tuyen truyen td chuc. Sau nam 1993, Ven Sdn tiep tuc sang tac, trong dd Ldi dan ngudi con Khame dat giai tu ve tha gidi thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech, nam 1996 va Gid'c ma thien du&ng dat giai nhi ve tha gidi thifdng ngdy bdy thdng gieng (1997). Gid'c ma thien dudng tai hien lai mgt each nhe nhang xa hdi Campuehia dudi thdi diet chung, nhdc nhd the he hien tai cung nhu mai sau hay nha mai bai hgc sai lam ciia gidi cam ddu Campuehia ddn chii - nhung ngudi da sao chep y nguyen tu tudng ngoai qudc, gay nen tham hga cho dan tgc. Gidc ma thien dudng cdn hudng ban dgc, nhai la lap ngudi tre tudi, vao viec bao ve tieu ngif ciia Vuong quo'c Campuehia la ddn tpc, ton gido, nlid vua bdng cac bien phap hda binh, phi bao luc. Kum pech Pinudn (1961), la thac si nghe thuat hgc, hign lam viec tai Khoa San khau, Dai hgc My thuat Hoang gia. Budc vao lang van ttr nam 1983 vdi vd kich ndi Tdm ldng anh, sau dd dng cdn co cac tac phdm: Chu nong ddn Kun (kich, 1984), Con sinh trudc cha (kjch, 1985), Bdtoi ke chuyen (truyen ngdn, 1987). Sau nam 1993, dng vdn tie'p tuc sang tac, trong do dang chti y nhat la tieu thuyet Bdn nhgc vu quy bdt hanh, tac pham dat giai nhi gidi thudng ngdy bdy thdng gieng (1997), xuat ban 1998. Bdn nhgc vu quy bdt hanh dua ngudi dgc trd ve nhtfng nam thang den td'i, ddi khd, loan lac dudi thdi Pdl Pd't. Hai anh em rudt Le va Lekhana lien ttrc bi Angea bdt lam lao dgng khd sai trong cac cdng xd ndng thdn ma thirc chat la cac trai tap trung tra hinh. Tif do hg that lac nhau. Nhung roi nhu mdt dinh menh, hai anh em lai bi Angea dtmg ra mai md'i, cudi ga thuc chat la budc hg phai thanh vg chdng. Ndi cay ddng ciing cue nha't la hai roi So 313 Thang 7-2010 NGHE THUAT BON PHUONG anh em chi nhan ra nhau chfnh vao llic ban nhae vu quy ndi len. Un Xdcheang (1967), hgi vien Hdi Nha van, hien lam viec tai Bd Cdng nghiep, md va nang lugng. Ong bdt ddu sang tac ttr nhirng nam tam muoi ctia the ky trudc vdi hai cud'n tieu thuye't Dudng vdo trdi tim va Nguai viet tre (1987). Nam 1989, dng doat giai ba tai cudc thi van hgc nghe thuat do TP Phndm Penh td chiic vdi tieu thuyet Sdng bien. Sau nam 1993, dng tiep tlie sang tac, trong dd Dem yen tinh (tieu thuye't) dat gidi thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech (1995) va Ngdy khdng rai (4) (tieu thuye't) doat giai nhai gidi thudng ngdy bdy thdng gieng (1997). Ngoai ra dng edn cd mgt sd truyen ngdn dang tren tap chf Nudc hd Tdiile Sdp. Ngdy khdng rai md ta mdt each het stfc chan thuc va sd'ng ddng Campuehia trong thdi gian ba nam tam thang hai muoi ngay dudi che do Pdl Pdt. Sd'ng trong mdt xa hdi edn han la mdt dia nguc, nhtmg ngudi dan Campuehia, nhifng nd le hien dai, da bi bie'n thanh nhtfng con vat ngudi. Cud'n tieu thuyet nhu mdt cud'n phim quay cham gdm 8 chuang. Ttr chuong 1 Ldng trd'ng, chuong 2 Nhd vdng, mieu ta sir khdi dau cua ndi bat hanh, tat ca ngudi dan bi Itia ra khdi lang, dudi ra khdi nha de'n cac chuang tie'p theo Tan va, Lua than cd, Che't trudc khi diet, Dudi nhdng hgi mua sdt, Bdn dd dia nguc, Tdi khdng cd ldi md ta cudc sdng CO cue ciia dan chting Campuehia ma dinh diem la canh hg phai an thit chfnh nhtfng dtfa con ctia minh de duy tri sir sd'ng. Nhung rdi, ttr vuc sau cLia su bai hanh, niem hanh phtic vd bd chgt ap de'n, da't nudc Campuehia dugc giai phdng vao ngay 7-1-1979 (chuang 8, Cupc ddi mdi). Kudng Bunchuan (1939), hdi vien Hdi nha van, bdt dau su nghiep van ehuong ctia minh ttr nam 1957 vdi tieu thuyet Bien chet, md ta cudc ddi cua mgt tac gia da dau minh de viei ve bien hd. Nam 1963, dng bi chfnh quyfin bat vi tdi vie't Ldu ddi dia ngiic (tieu thuyet) cd ngtr y phe phan cpng ddng xd hpi binh ddn do Hoang than N.Sihanouk lanh dao. Nam 1970 dng lai bi bdt giam vi tdi da viet Ddu Id tuang lai cda nd phe phan che dg cdng hda cua tudng Lon-non, ngudi da lat dd Qudc trudng, Hoang than N. Sihanue vao ngay 18- 3-1970. Sau ngay 7-1-1979, dng lam viec tai Bg Van hda, Thdng tin, Tuyen truyfin. Trong thdi ky nay dng sang tac trd lai va cho xuat ban tap tha Lua long (1983). Nam 1985 dng viei Ld lia cdnh (tieu thuyei) ca nggi tam ldng qudc te cao ca ciia quan tinh nguyen Viet Nam, nhat la dd'i vdi nhtfng tre em md cdi Campuehia. Nam 1987 dng viei Ngudi di qua gidng bdo (tieu thuye't). Ttr sau nam 1993, dng tie'p tiic sir nghiep van chuang cua minh vdi mdt chiim tieu thuyet: Anh kiem Pd N hiay at (1995), Hoa Rum dudn (1995), Dom ddm (1995), Ndm md nguyen (1997), Sd phdn ndng Marina (2000) Trong sd nay, 3 tac phdm Hoa Riim dudn, Dom ddm va Ndm md nguyen tuy khdng dugc giai nhung lai gay dugc sir chti y trong gidi van chuang Campuehia duong thdi bdi each nhin thdi cudc qua nhtfng van d^ mdf me ma tac gia dat ra. Hoa Rum dudn tai hien mdt each chan thtrc xa hdi Campuehia dudi thdi Cgng hda nhan dan Campuehia, mgt thdi khd khan nhung rat ddi hao hting. Chang thanh nien Chet Chivin va cd gai Chan Rtim dudn, hai nhan vat trung tam ctia tieu thuyet, dai dien cho ldp thanh nien tre tudi Campuehia ltic dd, da dam chap nhan hy sinh mdi tinh dep de, tha mdng nhung cung ddy khd khan cua minh, de bao ve td qud'e, chd'ng lai tan du cua bgn diet chiing. Dom ddm, lai tran trd vi mdt hien thtrc mdi ma giai doan trudc chua dat ra hoac mdi chi manh nha, dd la n6n kinh te thi trudng va nhirng he Itry cua nd. Cam himg chu dao cua tac phdm la phe phan eac chudn muc xa hdi dang thay ddi mdt each nhanh chdng. Bun Chuan tie'p tire di sau phan anh mgt "xa hdi nha tu khdng ed tudng bao quanh" qua Ndm md nguyen, hudng ngudi dgc vao nhifng gia tri bin vtfng, trudng tdn cua truyen thdng van hda dan tde. Hinh anh trung tam Sd313 Thang 7-2010 VAN HOA NGHF THUAT MlWC MCOAI CLia tie'u thuyet la canh may ten dd te giet hai mdt ntf diin vien mtia Apsara xinh dep d ngay chan de. Mac dau da chei, chi vdn cam chdc trong tay va gia cao btic phit dieu Apsara. Day la mdt hinh tugng nghe thuat mang tfnh hu cau, nhu'ng nd cd tinh bidu tugng hei stfc sau sde, rdng sir tan bao ed the nhai thdi giei hai dugc ngu'di dan Campuehia vi mat ihi xac, nhung khdng the tieu diet dugc tam hdn dan tgc, rdng cai thien rdi se chie'n thdng cai ac. Pan Vannarira (1954), hgi vien Hdi nha van, dd tu tai phdn II nam 1974. Sau nam 1979, ba lam viec tai Phdng van hda quan Cham Kamdn (Phndm Penh) va la mgt trong nhu'ng ngu'di sang lap Hgi nha van Phndm Penh. Trong nhu'ng nam tam muoi (TK XX), 2 tie'u thuyei Trdng td va Chdn trdi mdi cua niem hy vpng CLia ba da doat giai nhat va giai nhi tai cuge thi van hgc nghe thuat nhan ky niem 10 nam ngay dat nudc thoat khdi nan diet chung (1979-1989). Sau nam 1993, ba sang tac rat nhiSu, chi tfnh den nam 2000, da cd 24 tieu thuyet va 8 kich video, trong dd Khdng the quen doat giai nhat gidi thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech nam 1995. Khdng the quen la cau chuyen ke ve ngudi con gai md cdi ca cha ldn me, khdng ngu'di than thi'ch, khdng nai nuang tira. Mdt con ngudi ludn bi bam riei bdi cdc hinh anh dan cdi, khdng nha, khdng cira, lang thang, ddi khat CLia quang ddi tudi tho. Chi cd Trung tam Hoa hdng (trai tre md cdi d Phndm Penh dudi thdi Cdng hda nhan dan Campuehia - NST) la nai dung than, la thien dudng de xoa diu ndi dau cho cd va cac ban tre md cdi khac. Khi cd chut vdn lieiig trong tay, cd khdng quen minh cd trach nhiem ddng gdp de ctfu gitip nhtfng manh ddi bai hanh. Khdng the quen edn la tie'ng ndi tu day long gitfa cd gai md cdi vdi ngudi ban ddi thuang tat cua minh. Hdi ddng gidi thifdng Preah Sihanouk Riech danh gid Khdng the quen la mdt ang van dep, nggi ca mdt cudc ddi da biei vugt len sd phan, vugt qua mudn ngdn khd khan, dau tranh khdng ngung nghi, khdng chi vi ban than minh ma cdn vi biei bao cudc ddi cung canh ngd. Chfnh vi dieu nay ma nd da doat giai nhai gidi thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech nam 1995 va dugc Hdi nha van xuat ban nam 1996. Pdn Pixay (1958), nha tho, nhd van, hdi vien Hdi Nha van, lam viec tai Sd Cdng nghiep, md, nang lugng Phndm Penh, dugc biei den ttr hai bai tho Linh hdn Khame va Khame oi dugc phat tren Dai phat thanh qudc gia nam 1973. Cung trong nam 1973, ba cho xuai ban hai cudn tie'u thuyet Cupc bupc chi cd tay ddy nudc mdt va Tinh yeu sd phdn. Sau nam 1979, bd tie'p tuc lam tho, trong dd hai bai tho Dd Ihu Khome, No cd mpt ddi (1983) dugc nhieu ngudi biei den. Nam 1991, truyen tho Vdng mudi ctia ba dugc giai khuye'n khfch tai Lien hoan sang tac van hgc nghe thuat toan qudc. Sau nam 1993, Pdn Pixay vie't kha nhieu. Tuy nhien ngudi dgc chti y de'n Truyen tho Sdn khdu ddi nguai, tac phdm doat giai nhat gidi thtfdng Preah Sihanouk Riech (1995) va Hoa ke sd kdn, giai nhi cudc thi do Trung tam Phit ntf Campuchfa td chtfe (1996). Sdn khdu ddi ngudi la y nghia cudc ddi ma mdi ngudi trai nghiem ttr nhifng gdc do khac nhau. Thdng qua md'i quan he cua mdt gia dinh, vdi nhiing bie'n cd, thang trdm nhung vdn gitf dugc tinh cam yeu thuong gdn bd rudt ra, truyen tho d^ cao vai trd cua gia dinh trong giai doan dat nude cd nhtmg thay ddi ve chudn mire, vi he gia tri dudi tac ddng cua nen kinh te thi trudng. Nhung tren hei, Sdn khdu ddi ngudi la bai ca ve ldng me khoan dung, nhan hau, la bai hgc gido due ve sir binh ddng trong the he thanh nien nam ntf, khuyen ho lam tdt vai trd ngudi chdng, ngudi vg va cao han la hoan thanh trgng trdch ctia minh trong thdi ky mdi. Cung co nhd nghien ctiu van hgc Campuehia di xa hon, cho rdng Sdn khdu ddi ngudi mang mdt y nghia bieu tugng ve ba me Khame nhan hau, nhung dau thuong, di sud't doc dai cua lich sir dat nude (5). Mau Xomnang (1959), hOi vien Hdi nhd van, trinh lang bdng tde phdm ddu tay, tieu thuyet Cdi ddc tinh (1982). [7|S6 313 Thang 7-2010 NGHE THUAT BQN PHUONG Nhtfng nam'dudf che'dd Cdng hda nhan dan Campuehia, ba la mdt trong nhitng ngudi sang tac nhieu va deu dan nhdt. Sau nam 1993, ba vdn tiep tuc sang tac. Tfnh de'n nam 1996, ba da cd tat ca 24 tie'u thuyet va tren 10 vd kich video dugc xuat ban, trong dd Sdng xd cdt doat giai nhdt gidi thifdng Preah Siliaiioiik Riech (1995), xuat ban nam 1996. So vdi cac tieu thuyet dugc giai khac, Sdng xd cdt khdng day dan bdng, chi ven ven 145 trang, duge ehia thanh 7 phan (Hdi lidu, Cdy cdu tinh yen, Hon ddi, Hdn long, Dodn khdng ra, Nhdn ngi, Ddu vet tinh yeu), nhung Mau Xomnang da dua ngudi dgc vao mgt the gidi phtfc tap cua dai nudc Campuehia sau khi thoat khdi cudc ndi chien de budc vao cudc sdng mdi. Dd la mdt Campuehia dang trong giai doan chuydn ddi, vdi nhting md'i quan he chdng cheo, dan xen, phtfc tap, vdi nhung than phan gidu sang cd, thap hen ed, chi'nh trite cd, bat nhan cd. Bdi vay, cud'n sach day dp cae bie'n cd, cac su kien, cac tinh tiei, mac dau cdt truyen xoay quanh than phan ciia mdt cd gai bj chfnh ngudi cha rugt ctia minh bd roi ttr khi cdn ndm trong bung me. Cau chuyen bdt ddu ttr mgt chiit hidu ldm ma dng Narei da dudi ba Montha ra khdi nha khi ba dang mang thai cd con gai Bd Seba. Ba Montha phai kiem sd'ng va nudi con mgt minh vdi bao ndi cd don, khd cue. Montha vd ciing uat han. Ba tim each tra thti chdng hdng each quyet chf nudi con gai an hgc nen ngudi. Khdng phil long me, Bd Seba trd thanh mdt vien chtrc nhd bang tu nhan. Nhung cung nhu ngudi me cua minh, Bd Seba phai chiu bao sir va dap cua cudc ddi Mac ddu cd ltic mau thudn, xung dgt dugc ddy len dinh didm, nhung Sdng xd cdt lai kei thtic ed hau theo ldi truyen thdng. Ong Naret thtra nhan dtfa eon rudt cua minh, va dugc ba Montha thdng cam, tha thti, ba Nali bi tdng giam, Dinan, ke sat nhan giet hai bd cd Danni va la ten budn lau kim cuong cung bi bdt. Dac biet, Duthi da thtra nhan sai lam va tai hgp cting Bd Seba. Cd the cd nhidu ngudi cho rdng Sdng xd cdt cd qua nhieu tinh tiei, sir kien ma qua mdng ve khfa canh tam ly dd tao nen nhtfng nhan vat van hgc di'ch thtrc. Nhan xet ndy khdng phai khdng cd ly. Nhung, van hge Campuehia, nhu thudng thay, vdn thien ve mat hanh dgng. Didu nay cd ngudn gdc ttr trong lich sir van hgc, va lai, nd cung phan anh, ddng thdi cung la de dap tfng mdt thi hieu mang tfnh phd quat ciia phdn ldn dgc gia Campuehia ndi chung, dd la vdn diifang dimg de dien did khdng phdi de dgc. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi Mau Xomnang, didu ay cung khdng quan trgng ldm. Cdi bd quan tam la hieu qua xa hdi cua tac phdm. 0 Song xd cdt, Mau Xomnang da sir ditng mdt md tip rat quen thuge trong van hgc Campuehia la than phan cua ngudi phit ntf, nhat la nhung phu ntf md cdi hay cd sd phan bai hanh. Khac chang la cai thdng diep ma Mau Xomnang mudn chuydn tdi ddc gia. Vdi Mau Xomnang, sdng la phai biet yeu cai dep, yeu chan ly, yeu le phai, ghet thdi dd ky nhd nhen, ghet ban chai xau xa cua nhtrng ke hu hdng, ludn tim each huy hoai cudc sdng cua ngudi khac nhung cung biet nhan nhugng, tha thtf vdi nhiing ngudi biet nhan ra ldi lam. Cd the ndi, Sdng xd cdt la cudc da'u tranh khdng ngoi nghi cua nhtfng con ngudi khdng nai nuong tira trong bao to, gidng nhu nhung hat cat bi nhting dgt sdng lien hdi xd ddy tren bai bidn. Ngoai cac khuynh hudng chit dao tren, tuy chua trd thanh mdt khuynh hudng. nhung da xuai hien nhifng nha van mud'n thir stfc minh trong loai truyen mang tinh thuang mai dd kiem sdng, mac dit sd ngudi thuc sir sdng dugc bdng nghe van la cue ft, neu khdng mud'n ndi la chua cd. Ben canh dd edn ed mot sd nha van dua vao cac cau chuyen cd dd sang tao them nhdm phirc vu nhu cdu cua mdt sd dgc gia cd tu tudng trd vd vdi qua khif huy hoang Angkor xua. Cd thd ndi, sau nam 1993, van hgc Campuehia dugc hdi sinh va dudng nhu nd dugc tiep them stfc mdi, it nhdt la vd td ehtfc, dd tram hoa dua nd. Nhung van hgc Campuehia (Xi'in tiep trang 82) Thang 7-2010 S6 313EJ1 THOMC TIM VAN HOA NGHE THUAT Theo quan niem truydn thd'ng cua ngudi Mudng: ngay Pha ngang la ngdy xau khdng nen lam gi; ngay Can trong la ngay td't lam dugc mgi viec; ngay Xudm trong la ngay td't nhat cho viec cudi hdi, danh chdi, cau ca; ngay Kim trong la ngay lam dugc mgi viee nhung hieu qua khdng cao; ngdy Pha rd, gid'ng nhu ngay Pha ngang, nhung rieng viec lam vfa lai rat td't; ngay Kim xa la ngdy chi nen danh vdo viec cting dudi ma la td't nhat; ngay Xudm xa la ngay di san, danh ca la td't nhat; ngdy Can xa la ngay td't nha't danh cho tham hdi ban be, anh em hg hang, nhtfng cdng viec giao tie'p. Ngudi Mudng trdnh khdi cdng lam nha, gieo trdng vao ngdy sao tua rua di qua mat trang. Day la dieu quan trgng ma dng ba, cha me phai can dan con chdu trudc khi ve rdng (4). Ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda sd'ng gan gui vdi ngudi Mudng ttr lau ddi nen da sir dung bd lich phap nay ciia ngudi Mudng nhu bd lich rieng cita dan tde minh. Do dd hai dan tgc Mudng, Thdi da sir dtrng bd lich nay vdi mirc dich gdn nhu gid'ng nhau. Nhin chung, lich phap ciia ngudi Mudng la mdt phdn tri thiic tgc ngudi dugc bdt ngudn ttr trong cudc sd'ng. Day la nhirng kinh nghiem duge due ke't qua nhidu ddi, duge ehdt lgc trong sdn xuat, quan sat tir nhien va nhifng nghiem sinh trong ddi sd'ng tinh than, dan dan trd thdnh phong tue, tap quan dugc mgi ngudi trong cdng ddng tin va lam theo. Trong ddi sd'ng hien dai, lich phap cita ngudi Mudng vdn cdn cd y nghia nhat dinh vd gia tri van hda, ve tfnh ban dia cua ndn hda Mudng trong ddng chay van hda dan tgc Viet Nam • M.V.T 1. Theo .so lieu thong ke trong tai lieu "Nghien cdu vdn de Mudng nuac" cua Ban dan toe mien niii Thanh Hoa (6-1975) oThanh Hoa co 38 mucmg ciia ngucri Muong: Ba Thudc CO 11 mucmg. Cam Thuy co 9 mucmg, Nhir Xuan co 1 muong, Ngpc Lac co 7 mucmg, Lang Chanh co 4 mucmg, Thach Thanh co 5 muong, va Yen Dinh co 1 muong. Cac mucmg nay ton tai tru6c Cach mang thang Tam. 2. Cao Son Hai, Tuc ngd Mudng Thanh Hoa, Nxb Vdn hoa Thong tin. Ha Noi, 2002. 3. 4. Hoang Anh NhSn, Vdn hoa dm thuc Mudng, Nxb Vdn hoa Ddn tpc. Ha Npi, 2003. NHIN LAI VAN HOC (Tie'p theo trang 75) ctfng phdi dung trudc mdt cudc canh tranh mdi: van hda dgc bi Ian at bdi van hda nghe nhin dang dugc hd trg dde lire cua cae phuong tien ky thuat hien dai, cting tam ly hudng thu cua mdt bd phan cdng ehiing, nhat la cdng chiing tre. Thii den, vi sir muu sinh, mdt bd phan ldn cdng chiing khdng cd thdi gian va cifng chua cd htmg thti den vdi van hgc. Dtt sao, trong bd'i canh hien thdi, nhtfng chuyen ddng, nhtfng khuynh hudng van hgc Campuehia cung khd ro rang vd rat dang dugc ghi nhan • N.S.T 1. Hpi nha van Khome duoc thanh lap lan dSu tien vao nam 1956, do nha van Rim kin, tac gia So Phdt, cudn tieu thuyet hien dai dau tien cua Campuehia (1938), lam Chu tich Hoi. 2. Sau khi gianh dugc dpc lap (1953), Campuehia da trai qua 5 che dp chinh tri va mot thoi ky qua dp: Cong dong xa hpi binh dan (1954-1969), Cfing hoa Khome (1970-1975), Campuehia dan chu (1975-1979), Cpng hoa nhan dan Campuehia (1979-1991), Thai ky qua d6 duoi sir quan ly ciia UNTAC (1991-1993), thai Vuong qudc Campuehia (tir 1993 den nay). 3. Vuong qudc Campuehia I la thoi ky 1954-1969, dudi sir trj vi ctia Qudc vuong N.Sihanouk. 4. Tieu thuyet nay cd tira de bang tieng Khome la Thd ngay mdn ru roi, nghia la ngay hoac mat trdi (thd ngay) khdng (man) roi rung (rii rdi). Nd am chi den ngay 7-1- 1979, ngay dat nudc Campuehia thoat khoi nan diet chiing. Vi the ngay nay khdng bao gid roi riing trong tam kham ngudi Campuehia. Bdi vay chting tdi tam dich tieu thuydt nay la Ngdy khong red. 5. Tan Xokhunthia, Sullen trien cua vdn hpc Khome giai dogn 1979-1999, Phndm Penh, 2002 (tu lieu Vien Han lam Hoang gia Campuehia, tie'ng Khame), tr.76. •in«S6 313 •H Thang 7-2010 . chd'ng lai bgn diet chung. Ttr sau nam 1993, khi Campuehia budc vao thdi ky hda binh, nhat la trong thdi gian dau sau tdng tuyen cir, khi hda giai. vao ngay 12-4- 1993 (1). Ltic tai lap, Hgi chi cd 20 hgi vien, trong dd cd 11 hgi vien la nhtfng ngudi may man cdn sd'ng sdt sau nan diet chung,