Tài liệu The Victims of Terrorism docx

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Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation. 6 Jump down to document THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy View document details For More Information CENTER FOR TERRORISM RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution Support RAND This product is part of the RAND Corporation occasional paper series. RAND occasional papers may include an informed perspective on a timely policy issue, a discussion of new research methodologies, essays, a paper presented at a conference, a conference summary, or a summary of work in progress. All RAND occasional papers undergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for research quality and objectivity. The Victims of Terrorism An Assessment of Their Influence and Growing Role in Policy, Legislation, and the Private Sector Bruce Hoffman, Anna-Britt Kasupski The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R ® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2007 RAND Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2007 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoffman, Bruce, 1954- The victims of terrorism : an assessment of their influence and growing role in policy, legislation, and the private sector / Bruce Hoffman, Anna-Britt Kasupski. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8330-4143-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Victims of terrorism—Psychology. 2. Terrorism victims’ families. 3. Terrorism victims’ families—United States—Political activity. 4. Pan Am Flight 103 Bombing incident, 1988. 5. Terrorism—Psychological aspects. 6. September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001. I. Kasupski, Anna-Britt. II. Title. HV6431.H646 2007 362.88—dc22 2007004353 The work reported in this paper was conducted within the RAND Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy (CTRMP). iii Preface In recent years, associations formed by the victims of terrorist acts, their families, friends, and colleagues have emerged as an influential voice in government counterterrorism policy, in the passage of terrorism-related legislation, in civil court cases, and in other private-sector activi- ties, ranging from input in the design of the World Trade Center (WTC) memorial to the con- duct, remit, and operations of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (“9/11 Commission”). eir effect on a variety of important issues, spanning actual poli- cies to compensation questions, however, remains a largely poorly understood development. Despite the fact that family groups or victims’ associations have been prominently involved in efforts in the aftermath of major terrorist incidents since the 1988 Pan Am 103 tragedy, little research has been devoted to analyzing the political, economic, and social activities of terror- ism victims’ associations or groups and their impact. is report examines the impact that terrorism has both on its actual victims and on their families in the aftermath of violent incidents. It seeks to better understand how society and government cope and adjust following a spectacular terrorist attack by focusing on the organi- zational dimensions and efforts of victims’ and family groups, their government and congres- sional lobbying efforts, their pursuit of civil justice remedies, and their internecine dynamics and relations. is paper should be of interest to policymakers, the private sector, and the public at large for the light that it sheds on how government and society cope in the aftermath of a major terrorist attack and the new role that victims’ groups play in such a process. e work reported here was conducted within the RAND Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy (CTRMP). e CTRMP consists of stakeholders from various industries, including primary insurance companies, reinsurance companies, property owners, and other corporations. Fund- ing for this research is provided by these member organizations. The RAND Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy (CTRMP) CTRMP provides research that is needed to inform public and private decisionmakers on eco- nomic security in the face of the threat of terrorism. Terrorism risk insurance studies provide the backbone of data and analysis to inform appropriate choices with respect to government involvement in the market for terrorism insurance. Research on the economics of various iv The Victims of Terrorism liability decisions informs the policy decisions of the U.S. Congress and the opinions of state and federal judges. Studies of compensation help Congress to ensure that appropriate compen- sation is made to the victims of terrorist attacks. Research on security helps to protect critical infrastructure and to improve collective security in rational and cost-effective ways. CTRMP is housed at the RAND Corporation, an international nonprofit research orga- nization with a reputation for rigorous and objective analysis and the world’s leading provider of research on terrorism. e center combines three organizations: RAND Institute for Civil Justice, which brings a 25-year history of empirical research on liability and compensation RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment, which conducts research on homeland security and public safety Risk Management Solutions, the world’s leading provider of models and services for catastrophe risk management. For additional information about the Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy, contact Robert Reville Michael Wermuth RAND Corporation RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street 1200 South Hayes Street P.O. Box 2138 Arlington, VA 22202 Santa Monica, CA 90407 Michael_Wermuth@rand.org Robert_Reville@rand.org 703-413-1100, x5414 310-393-0411, x6786 A profile of the CTRMP, abstracts of its publications, and ordering information can be found at http://www.rand.org/multi/ctrmp/. • • • v Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy Advisory Board Jeffrey D. DeBoer (Co-Chair) President and Chief Operating Officer Real Estate Roundtable Kathleen Nelson Immediate Past Chair International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) Jacques Dubois (Co-Chair) Chairman Swiss Re America Holding Corporation Art Raschbaum Executive Vice President and Managing Director GMAC RE Jack Armstrong Assistant Vice President and Senior Regulatory Counsel Liberty Mutual Insurance Company Kevin Scroggin General Director, Corporate Risk Management and Insurance General Motors Kim Brunner Executive Vice President and General Counsel State Farm Insurance Hemant Shah President and Chief Executive Officer Risk Management Solutions, Inc. Andrew Coburn Vice President of Catastrophe Research and Director of Terrorism Research Risk Management Solutions, Inc. Cosette Simon Senior Vice President Swiss Re Life and Health America Inc. Kenneth Feinberg Managing Partner e Feinberg Group, LLP Richard omas Senior Vice President and Chief Underwriting Officer American International Group Ken Jenkins Chief Underwriting Officer American Reinsurance RiskPartners Steven Wechsler President and Chief Executive Officer National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT) Peter Lowy Chief Executive Officer Westfield Corporation, Inc. Contents vii Preface iii Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy Advisory Board v Foreword ix Summary xi Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations xvii CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1 CHAPTER TWO 9/11: Power in Numbers 3 CHAPTER THREE Pan Am 103: e Predecessor to 9/11 15 Pan Am 103: A New Voice in the United States 15 Lessons Learned: 9/11 and the Advent of a New Era for Victims’ Groups 20 Oklahoma City: Victim Support Services 21 CHAPTER FOUR An International Comparison: Israel, Northern Ireland, and Terrorist Spectaculars 25 Israel and Northern Ireland 25 International Terrorist Spectaculars 33 CHAPTER FIVE Conclusion 37 Bibliography 39 [...]... culminated in the creation of the 9/11 Commission Four FSC members, dubbed the “Jersey Girls” by the media, became some of the best-known 9/11 family members They formed their own group, called the September 11th Advocates, which became one of the driving forces behind the push to systematically reform the U.S intelligence community One of the original and largest of the 9/11 victims groups, Families of September... monetary compensation, and pushed for reform in the civil justice system Although these groups are important in understanding the growing influence of victims groups on public policy, they are beyond the scope of this analysis, which focuses on the history of terrorist victims groups xi xii The Victims of Terrorism egory include the Family Steering Committee for the 9/11 Independent Commission (FSC), which... one in the UK Although they differ from 9/11 victims groups, they share an important characteristic with them: They strategically packaged their goals to gain access to the media and government Their efforts’ success can be seen in the passage of legislation increasing airline safety as well as the more recent formation of the 9/11 Commission In contrast to the individually contoured missions of the 9/11... few of these groups, with the exception of a couple of Israeli organizations to be discussed, originated in response to a specific terrorist attack In general, the characteristics of overseas victims groups are quite different from those of groups in the United States The most predominant variation is that none of the groups identified in Israel or Northern Ireland provides assistance to the victims of. .. reform in the civil justice system (Ochberg, 1988, pp 319–329) Discussion of the history of victims groups in this broader sense, however, has been deliberately omitted for the purpose of concentrating solely on the victims of terrorism The uniqueness of the subject of this paper explains the heavy reliance on Internet-based resources and interviews with individuals closely involved with the creation... exhaustive list, the 16 groups described are representative of the large spectrum of those created We describe the number and diversity of these groups and the wide disparity in their missions and services Their success, we argue, was due in part to the lessons they drew from the victims groups formed after the 1988 in-flight bombing of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland In Chapter Three, we compare the Pan... group dedicated to modifying the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund in the best interest of victims Wiener’s brother died in the attacks on the WTC Wiener was a member of the Family Steering Committee for the 9/11 Independent Commission (FSC), actively involved throughout the 9/11 Commission hearings 3 4 The Victims of Terrorism powerful, organizations, this has not been true of the 9/11 groups that both proliferated... in the next chapter CHAPTER THREE Pan Am 103: The Predecessor to 9/11 The achievements of 9/11 victims groups are due in part to the lessons their leaders learned from the victims groups that emerged 15 years earlier in response to the Pan Am 103 bombing (Sheehy, 2003) The Pan Am groups were the first effectively organized terrorism victims groups in the United States, and they essentially set the. .. led to the establishment of four groups (a fifth represents victims living in the UK) The two main ones are VPAF 103 and Families of Pan Am 103/Lockerbie VPAF 103, as the parent organization, not surprisingly has the largest membership of the Pan Am 103 groups, claiming to represent 160 fami1 Semtex® is a registered trademark of Explosia, a.s 15 16 The Victims of Terrorism lies as of 1997 At the same... and their means for achieving them have put them at odds with one another The main objective of the Coalition of 9/11 Families is the preservation of the bedrock footprints of both the North and South Towers to a depth of 70 feet September’s Mission has pursued a different course for the development of the memorial The coalition, the largest advocacy group, with more than 4,000 family members, survivors, . involvement in the market for terrorism insurance. Research on the economics of various iv The Victims of Terrorism liability decisions informs the policy. which focuses on the history of terrorist victims groups. xii The Victims of Terrorism egory include the Family Steering Committee for the 9/11 Independent