Tài liệu Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health by George E. Waring docx

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Draining for Profit, and Drain- ing for Health by George E. Waring This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.guten- berg.org/license Title: Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health Author: George E. Waring Release Date: October 4, 2006 [Ebook 19465] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DRAINING FOR PROFIT, AND DRAINING FOR HEALTH*** Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health by George E. Waring Edition 1, (October 4, 2006) New York Orange Judd & Company, 245 Broadway. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by ORANGE JUDD & CO. At the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for this Southern District of New-York. Lovejoy & Son, Electrotypers and Stereotypers. 15 Vandewater street N.Y. [003] In presenting this book to the public the writer desires to say that, having in view the great importance of thorough work in land draining, and believing it advisable to avoid every thing which might be construed into an approval of half-way measures, he has purposely taken the most radical view of the whole subject, and has endeavored to emphasize the necessity for the utmost thoroughness in all draining operations, from the first staking of the lines to the final filling-in of the ditches. That it is sometimes necessary, because of limited means, or limited time, or for other good reasons, to drain partially or imperfectly, or with a view only to temporary results, is freely acknowledged. In these cases the occasion for less completeness in the work must determine the extent to which the directions herein laid down are to be disregarded; but it is believed that, even in such cases, the principles on which those directions are founded should be always borne in mind. NEWPORT, R.I., 1867. Illustrations Fig. 1 - A DRY SOIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Fig. 2 - A WET SOIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Fig. 3 - A DRAINED SOIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Fig. 4 - MAP OF LAND, WITH SWAMPS, ROCKS, SPRINGS AND TREES. INTENDED TO REPRE- SENT A FIELD OF TEN ACRES BEFORE DRAINING. 43 Fig. 5 - MAP WITH 50-FOOT SQUARES, AND CON- TOUR LINES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Fig. 6 - LEVELLING INSTRUMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Fig. 7 - LEVELLING ROD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Fig. 8 - MAP WITH CONTOUR LINES. . . . . . . . . . 48 Fig. 9 - WELL'S CLINOMETER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Fig. 10 - STONE PIT TO CONNECT SPRING WITH DRAIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Fig. 11 - STONE AND TILE BASIN FOR SPRING WITH DRAIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Fig. 12 - LINE OF SATURATION BETWEEN DRAINS. 59 Fig. 13 - HORSE-SHOE TILE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Fig. 14 - SOLE TILE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Fig. 15 - DOUBLE-SOLE TILE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Fig. 16 - ROUND TILE AND COLLAR, AND THE SAME AS LAID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Fig. 19 - THREE PROFILES OF DRAINS, WITH DIF- FERENT INCLINATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Fig. 20 - MAP WITH DRAINS AND CONTOUR LINES. 97 Fig. 21 - PROFILE OF DRAIN C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Fig. 22 - SET OF TOOLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Fig. 23 - OUTLET, SECURED WITH MASONRY AND GRATING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 x Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health Fig. 24 - SILT-BASIN, BUILT TO THE SURFACE. . . . 123 Fig. 25 - FINISHING SPADE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Fig. 26 - FINISHING SCOOP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Fig. 27 - BRACING THE SIDES IN SOFT LAND. . . . . 127 Fig. 28 - MEASURING STAFF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Fig. 29 - BONING ROD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Fig. 30 - POSITION OF WORKMAN AND USE OF FINISHING SCOOP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Fig. 31 - SIGHTING BY THE BONING-RODS. . . . . . 131 Fig. 32 - PICK FOR DRESSING AND PREFORATING TILE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Fig. 33 - LATERAL DRAIN ENTERING AT TOP. . . . . 139 Fig. 34 - SECTIONAL VIEW OF JOINT. . . . . . . . . . 139 Fig. 35 - SQUARE BRICK SILT-BASIN. . . . . . . . . . 140 Fig. 36 - SILT-BASIN OF VITRIFIED PIPE. . . . . . . . 141 Fig. 37 - TILE SILT-BASIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Fig. 38 - MAUL FOR RAMMING. . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Fig. 39 - BOARD SCRAPER FOR FILLING DITCHES. . 147 Fig. 40 -CROSS-SECTIONOFDITCH(FILLED),WITH FURROW AT EACH SIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Fig. 41 - FOOT PICK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Fig. 42 - PUG-MILL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Fig. 43 - PLATE OF DIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Fig. 44 - CHEAP WOODEN MACHINE. . . . . . . . . . 190 Fig. 45 - MANDRIL FOR CARRYING TILES FROM MACHINE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Fig. 46 - CLAY-KILN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Fig. 47 - DYKE AND DITCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Fig. 48 - OLD STYLE HOUSE DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Fig. 49 - MODERN HOUSE DRAINAGE AND SEW- ERAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 [...]... whether directly by rain, or by the surface flow of adjoining land [024] 18 [025] Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health 2d—That which reaches it below the surface, by springs and by soakage from the lower portions of adjoining land The first of these is beneficial, because it contains fresh air, carbonic acid, ammonia, nitric acid, and heat, obtained from the atmosphere; and the flowage water contains,... matter and the roots which it contains In such land the subsoil is wet,—almost constantly wet, and the falling rain, finding only the surface soil in a condition to receive it, soon fills this, and often more than fills it, and stands on the surface After the rain, come wind and sun, to dry off the standing water,—to dry out the free water in the surface soil, [018] 12 Draining for Profit, and Draining for. .. agriculture, and important as the study is, their consideration here would consume 10 [016] [017] Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health space, which it is desired to devote only to the reasons for, and the practice of, thorough -draining To one writing in advocacy of improvements, of any kind, there is always a temptation to throw a tub to the popular whale, and to suggest some make-shift, by which... growth it has been prevented, by a wet subsoil, from sending down its roots below the reach of the sun's heat, where it would find, even in the dryest weather, sufficient moisture for a healthy growth; any severe effect of drought, except on poor sands and gravels, may be presumed to result [010] 4 [011] Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health from the same cause; and a certain wiryness of grass,... accompanying illustrations, (Figures 1, 2 and 3,) from the "Minutes of Information" on Drainage, submitted by the General [012] 6 Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health Board of Health to the British Parliament in 1852, represent the different conditions of the soil as to moisture, and the effect of these conditions on the germination of seeds The figures are thus explained by Dr Madden, from whose lecture... draining, that roots can penetrate to any considerable depth, and, in fact, the cracking of undrained soils, in drying, never extends beyond the separation into large [028] 22 Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health masses, because each heavy rain, by saturating the soil and expanding it to its full capacity, entirely obliterates the cracks and forms a solid mass, in which the operation has to be commenced... could do before draining; these, with their excretions, decompose on removal of the crop, and are acted on by the alternating air and water, which also decompose and change, in a degree, the inorganic substances of the soil Thereby drained land, which was, before, impervious to air and water, and consequently unavailable to air and roots, to worms, or to vegetable or animal life, becomes, by drainage,... becomes a vapor, forming a crust that prevents the free entrance of air at those times when the soil is dry enough to afford it space for circulation Instead of crumbling to the fine condition of a loam, as it does, when well drained, by the descent of water through it, heavy clay soil, being rapidly dried by evaporation, shrinks into hard [026] 20 [027] Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health masses,... frequently during the season let him saturate it with water [030] 24 [031] Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health He will find it gradually becoming more and more porous and friable,—holding water less and less perfectly as the experiment proceeds, and in the end it will attain a state best suited to the growth of plants from its deep and mellow character." It is equally a fact that the ascent of water... smallest possible place in our calculations, by a careful avoidance of every [020] 14 Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health condition which may place our crops at the mercy of that most uncertain of all things—the weather; and especially should this be the case, when the very means for lessening the element of chance in our calculations are the best means for increasing our crops, even in the most . The Project Gutenberg EBook of Draining for Profit, and Drain- ing for Health by George E. Waring This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no. eBook or online at http://www.guten- berg.org/license Title: Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health Author: George E. Waring Release Date: October