Đọc 6 EN40

Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.An imblance of the sexes /check_box/ Paragraph B Paragraph D Paragraph C Paragraph A In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph.A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.Loss of ability to adapt /check_box/ Paragraph C Paragraph B Paragraph A Paragraph D In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph.A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.Natural disasters /check_box/ Paragraph D Paragraph A Paragraph C Paragraph B In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph.A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand.The haphazard nature of reproduction /check_box/ Paragraph A Paragraph D Paragraph C Paragraph B Read the text and choose the best answer.‘People still tell me, “Children don’t read nowadays”,’ says David Almond, the award-winning author of children’s books such as Skellig The truth is that they are skilled, creative readers When I classroom visits, they ask me very sophisticated questions about use of language, story structure, chapters and dialogue.’ No one is denying that books are competing with other forms of entertainment for children’s attention but it seems as though children find a special kind of mental nourishment within the printed page.What is the main idea of this paragraph? /check_box/ the fact that children are able to identify and discuss the important elements of fiction Children will read many books by an author that they like Children are quick to decide whether they like or dislike a book the undervaluing of children’s society Read the text and choose the best answer.‘The dingo started out as a quiet observer,’ writes Roland Breckwoldt, in A Very Elegant Animal: The Dingo, ‘but soon came to represent everything that was dark and dangerous on the continent.’ It is estimated that since sheep arrived in Australia, dingo numbers have increased a hundredfold Though dingoes have been eradicated from parts of Australia, an educated guess puts the population at more than a million.Eventually government officials and graziers agreed that one well-maintained fence, placed on the outer rim of sheep country and paid for by taxes levied on woolgrowers, should supplant the maze of private netting By 1960, three states joined their barriers to form a single dog fence.Dingoes have flourished as a result of the sheep industry /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.A few years ago, publishers lost confidence and wanted to make books more like television, the medium that frightened them most,’ says children’s book critic Julia Eccleshare ‘But books aren’t TV, and you will find that children always say that the good thing about books is that you can see them in your head Children are demanding readers,’ she says ‘If they don’t get it in two pages, they’ll drop it.’No more are children’s authors considered mere sentimentalists or failed adult writers 'Some feted adult writers would kill for the sales,’ says Almond, who sold 42,392 copies of Skellig in 1999 alone And advances seem to be growing too: UK publishing outfit Orion recently negotiated a six-figure sum from US company Scholastic for The Seeing Stone, a children's novel by Kevin Crossley-Holland, the majority of which will go to the author.Which company has just invested heavily in an unpublished children’s book? /check_box/ Orion Skellig Kevin Crossley-Holland Almond Read the text and choose the best answer.Bees not see red; thus, flowers that attract bees tend to be blue, yellow, purple, or other colors Many bee attractors also have nectar guides, which are spots near the center1 of each flower that reflect ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bees to find the nectar Bees are also attracted to flowers with a mintlike or sweet smell Snapdragons not only attract bees visually, they are adapted to appeal to certain bee species: snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct weight, opens—allowing access to the nectar and pollen.Pollinators play a major role in agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia).Bees rarely respond to scent /check_box/ FALSE NOT GIVEN TRUE Read the text and choose the best answer.Bees not see red; thus, flowers that attract bees tend to be blue, yellow, purple, or other colors Many bee attractors also have nectar guides, which are spots near the center1 of each flower that reflect ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bees to find the nectar Bees are also attracted to flowers with a mintlike or sweet smell Snapdragons not only attract bees visually, they are adapted to appeal to certain bee species: snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct weight, opens—allowing access to the nectar and pollen.Pollinators play a major role in agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia).Most grain crops are pollinated by insects /check_box/ FALSE TRUE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.Bees not see red; thus, flowers that attract bees tend to be blue, yellow, purple, or other colors Many bee attractors also have nectar guides, which are spots near the center1 of each flower that reflect ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bees to find the nectar Bees are also attracted to flowers with a mintlike or sweet smell Snapdragons not only attract bees visually, they are adapted to appeal to certain bee species: snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct weight, opens—allowing access to the nectar and pollen.Pollinators play a major role in agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia).Special markings on a flower help bees to locate the nectar /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks According to the passage, in what circumstances hummingbirds build a second nest? /check_box/ If the eggs are destroyed early in the season If the winter is unusually warm If the chicks in the first nest hatch early If there is an unusually large supply of food Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks According to the passage, which of the following is true of the male broad-tailed hummingbird? /check_box/ It is not involved in caring for the chicks It finds food for the female and the chicks It protects the nest while the female searches for food It shares nesting duties equally with the female Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks The word "clear" in paragraph is closest in meaning to… /check_box/ exact transparent unobstructed bright Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks The word "counts" in paragraph is closest in meaning to… /check_box/ matters weighs numbers estimates Read the text and choose the best answer.Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely.The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks What aspect of broad-tailed hummingbird behavior does the passage mainly discuss? /check_box/ Selection of nest sites Mating habits Caring for the young Migration routes Read the text and choose the best answer.By 870, the Vikings were settling Iceland In 980, an Icelandic assembly found a man named Eric “the Red” Ericson guilty of murder and sent him into exile Eric the Red responded by sailing to a large island to the west, which he called “Greenland.” An Icelandic saga mentions that people would be attracted to go to Greenland if it had a favorable2 name Around 998, Eric the Red’s son, Leif “the Lucky” Ericson, and a small Viking fleet sailed west to North America There they established the first European settlement in the New World, called “Vinland.”Vikings from Denmark, meanwhile, ravaged large swaths of England and France In 866, a Viking “Great Army” landed in England, occupying much of the country’s north and east They forced the English king to acknowledge their control of much of England under the so-called Danelaw To the west, they conquered coastal portions of Ireland, and in 841 founded Dublin, today a major Irish city, but originally a Viking fort The Vikings remained a major power in Ireland until the early eleventh century.When did Vikings establish a fort in Ireland? /check_box/ 841 866 980 998 Read the text and choose the best answer.Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert Research has shown that sleep- deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina—hence its addition to energy- boosting sports drinks.People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly Fortunately, these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases Individuals who are more sensitive rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of bookingthe supplementary charge shown in the price panel will be added to your account.On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure page.EntertainmentSome of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers in the hotel.Entertainment is available…….Entertainment is available…… /check_box/ if there is the demand for an additional cost upon request at all hotels Read the text and choose the best answer.CLASSIC TOURS - coach break informationLuggageWe ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized suitcase per person, but a small holdall can also be taken on board the coach.Seat AllocationRequests for particular seats can be made on most coach breaks when booking, but since allocations are made on a first come first served basis, early booking is advisable When bookings are made with us you will be offered the best seats that are available on the coach at that time.Travel DocumentsWhen you have paid your deposit we will send to you all the necessary documents and labels, so that you receive them in good time before the coach break departure date Certain documents, for example air or boat tickets, may have to be retained and your driver or courier will then issue them to you at the relevant point.Special DietsIf you require a special diet you must inform us at the time of booking with a copy of the diet This will be notified to the hotel or hotels on your coach break, but on certain coach breaks the hotels used are tourist class and whilst offering value for money within the price range, they may not have the full facilities to cope with special diets Any extra costs incurred must be paid to the hotel by yourself before departure from the hotel.AccommodationMany of our coach breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of bookingthe supplementary charge shown in the price panel will be added to your account.On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure page.EntertainmentSome of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers in the hotel.If you need a special diet you should……If you need a special diet you shouldRead the text and choose the best answer /check_box/ tell the coach company inform the hotel when you arrive pay extra with the booking book tourist class Read the text and choose the best answer.CLASSIC TOURS - coach break informationLuggageWe ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized suitcase per person, but a small holdall can also be taken on board the coach.Seat AllocationRequests for particular seats can be made on most coach breaks when booking, but since allocations are made on a first come first served basis, early booking is advisable When bookings are made with us you will be offered the best seats that are available on the coach at that time.Travel DocumentsWhen you have paid your deposit we will send to you all the necessary documents and labels, so that you receive them in good time before the coach break departure date Certain documents, for example air or boat tickets, may have to be retained and your driver or courier will then issue them to you at the relevant point.Special DietsIf you require a special diet you must inform us at the time of booking with a copy of the diet This will be notified to the hotel or hotels on your coach break, but on certain coach breaks the hotels used are tourist class and whilst offering value for money within the price range, they may not have the full facilities to cope with special diets Any extra costs incurred must be paid to the hotel by yourself before departure from the hotel.AccommodationMany of our coach breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of bookingthe supplementary charge shown in the price panel will be added to your account.On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure page.EntertainmentSome of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers in the hotel.It may be necessary to pay extra for…… /check_box/ a bathroom boat tickets entertainment additional luggage Read the text and choose the best answer.Determining the definite cause of dyslexia is a difficult task since studies of the morphology of the brain are generally conducted in an autopsy One hypothesis suggests that dyslexic children suffer from “strabismus,” the tendency of the eyes to focus on two different points When reading, for example, one eye focuses on the beginning of the word and the other focuses on the end This theory could explain why dyslexics have difficulty reading Many dyslexic children read letters and words backwards, often mistaking a b for a d or reading was instead of saw These reversals are normal for children under the age of six, but indicate a problem if they persist beyond the early elementary grades Neurological research points to tiny flaws in the dyslexic brain called ectopias and microgyria These flaws alter the structure of the cortex, the area of the brain that is responsible for connecting visual and audio processing Genetic research, often in the form of twins studies, shows that dyslexia may be passed on in families.People with dyslexia often read in reverse /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.Determining the definite cause of dyslexia is a difficult task since studies of the morphology of the brain are generally conducted in an autopsy One hypothesis suggests that dyslexic children suffer from “strabismus,” the tendency of the eyes to focus on two different points When reading, for example, one eye focuses on the beginning of the word and the other focuses on the end This theory could explain why dyslexics have difficulty reading Many dyslexic children read letters and words backwards, often mistaking a b for a d or reading was instead of saw These reversals are normal for children under the age of six, but indicate a problem if they persist beyond the early elementary grades Neurological research points to tiny flaws in the dyslexic brain called ectopias and microgyria These flaws alter the structure of the cortex, the area of the brain that is responsible for connecting visual and audio processing Genetic research, often in the form of twins studies, shows that dyslexia may be passed on in families.There is a tendency for dyslexia between twins /check_box/ NOT GIVEN TRUE FALSE Read the text and choose the best answer.Dyslexia, also referred to as “specific reading disability,” predominantly affects a person’s ability to read and write Dyslexics have difficulty connecting visual symbols (i.e., letters) with their corresponding sounds Many people who suffer from dyslexia also have trouble with enunciation, organization, and short-term memory Dyslexia is the most common learning disability in children It is not related to intellectual ability, vision, or access to education Approximately 5-10 percent of school-age children in North America suffer from the condition, with each case varying in severity Children are generally diagnosed with dyslexia during the elementary school years when they are learning how to read and spell.Dyslexia is a disorder related to intelligence /check_box/ FALSE NOT GIVEN TRUE Read the text and choose the best answer.Flowering plants have evolved a variety of methods for signaling2 their usefulness to pollinators or for otherwise making their work easier Butterflies are attracted to flowers that are open during the day, are bright—typically red, yellow, or orange— and have a “landing platform.” In contrast, many moths are active at night and thus are attracted to flowers that are pale or white, have a strong fragrance, but also have broad areas to land on Both butterflies and moths have long tongues and have coevolved with plants that have developed deep sources of nectar that are available only to certain species Hummingbirds are also attracted by color3 especially by bright reds, and flowers that attract these tiny birds also have strong stems and are designed for pollen to be brushed on the hummingbirds’ heads as they sip nectar.Certain flowers have evolved to be pollinated by hummingbirds /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.Flowering plants have evolved a variety of methods for signaling2 their usefulness to pollinators or for otherwise making their work easier Butterflies are attracted to flowers that are open during the day, are bright—typically red, yellow, or orange— and have a “landing platform.” In contrast, many moths are active at night and thus are attracted to flowers that are pale or white, have a strong fragrance, but also have broad areas to land on Both butterflies and moths have long tongues and have coevolved with plants that have developed deep sources of nectar that are available only to certain species Hummingbirds are also attracted by color3 especially by bright reds, and flowers that attract these tiny birds also have strong stems and are designed for pollen to be brushed on the hummingbirds’ heads as they sip nectar.If an attractive flower is very small, a butterfly will land on its leaves /check_box/ NOT GIVEN TRUE FALSE Read the text and choose the best answer.Flowering plants have evolved a variety of methods for signaling2 their usefulness to pollinators or for otherwise making their work easier Butterflies are attracted to flowers that are open during the day, are bright—typically red, yellow, or orange— and have a “landing platform.” In contrast, many moths are active at night and thus are attracted to flowers that are pale or white, have a strong fragrance, but also have broad areas to land on Both butterflies and moths have long tongues and have coevolved with plants that have developed deep sources of nectar that are available only to certain species Hummingbirds are also attracted by color3 especially by bright reds, and flowers that attract these tiny birds also have strong stems and are designed for pollen to be brushed on the hummingbirds’ heads as they sip nectar.Moths are attracted by both color and scent /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.No more are children’s authors considered mere sentimentalists or failed adult writers 'Some feted adult writers would kill for the sales,’ says Almond, who sold 42,392 copies of Skellig in 1999 alone And advances seem to be growing too: UK publishing outfit Orion recently negotiated a six-figure sum from US company Scholastic for The Seeing Stone, a children's novel by Kevin Crossley-Holland, the majority of which will go to the author.It helps that once smitten, children are loyal and even fanatical consumers Author Jacqueline Wilson says that children spread news of her books like a bushfire ‘My average reader is a girl of ten,’ she explains ‘They’re sociable and acquisitive They collect They have parties - where books are a good present If they like something, they have to pass it on.’ After Rowling, Wilson is currently the best-selling children’s writer, and her sales have boomed over the past three years She has sold more than three million books, but remains virtually invisible to adults, although most tenyear-old girls know about her.Who is currently the best-selling children’s writer? /check_box/ Rowling Almond Kevin Wilson Read the text and choose the best answer.People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly Fortunately, these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to avoid it, but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one’s diet.Drinking three cups of coffee a day…… /check_box/ will probably not cause problems is harmful to the health may be recommended by a doctor is good for the health Read the text and choose the best answer.Plants have evolved a variety of methods to entice pollinators to their work Many produce nectar, a sugary substance that pollinators use as food A well- known example is the honeybee, which collects nectar as well as pollen for food When a bee enters one flower, it brushes against the anther, and pollen grains are picked up by the surface of its body When the bee enters a second flower and brushes against the stigma, some of that pollen comes in contact with the ovaries of the second plant, thus fertilizing it, resulting in seeds that contain genetic material from the male gametes of the first plant combined with the female reproductive organs of the second plant Most bees, butterflies, and moths, as well as certain species of bats and birds, are attracted to nectar-producing flowers.Honeybees eat both nectar and pollen /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.Pollinators play a major role in agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia).Recent declines in honeybees and in other pollinator species around the world have raised concerns about future food production, and many scientists have called for increased study of the role of pollinators, the agricultural and environmental changes involved in the declines, as well as the economic and environmental effects and ways to prevent further declines.Farmers in certain parts of the world have suffered economically because of the decline in the honeybee population /check_box/ NOT GIVEN FALSE TRUE Read the text and choose the best answer.Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the alone As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt’s most inviting target And there is damage to property too Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate The technique survives to this day at a test site in run by the of , with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the ’ power grid from lightning strikes ‘We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets,’ says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.EPRI receives financial support from /check_box/ power companies the University of Florida the United States Japan Read the text and choose the best answer.Since the early eighties we have been only too aware of the devastating effects of large-scale environmental pollution Such pollution is generally the result of poor government planning in many developing nations or the short-sighted, selfish policies of the already industrialised countries which encourage a minority of the world’s population to squander the majority of its natural resources.In the paragraph, the writer argues that pollution… /check_box/ is caused by human self-interest results from poor relations between nations has increased since the eighties is at its worst in industrialised countries Read the text and choose the best answer.The aim of such research is not, however, to encourage the use of gas masks when unloading the washing Instead, it is to bring a sense of perspective to the debate about pollution According to Dr Corsi, disproportionate effort is wasted campaigning against certain forms of outdoor pollution, when there is as much or more cause for concern indoors, right under people’s noses.As a result of their experiments, Dr Corsi’s team found that ……… /check_box/ indoor pollution rivals outdoor pollution gas masks are a useful protective device dishwashers are very efficient machines tap water is as polluted as bottled water Read the text and choose the best answer.The dingo started out as a quiet observer,’ writes Roland Breckwoldt, in A Very Elegant Animal: The Dingo, ‘but soon came to represent everything that was dark and dangerous on the continent.’ It is estimated that since sheep arrived in Australia, dingo numbers have increased a hundredfold Though dingoes have been eradicated from parts of Australia, an educated guess puts the population at more than a million.Eventually government officials and graziers agreed that one well-maintained fence, placed on the outer rim of sheep country and paid for by taxes levied on woolgrowers, should supplant the maze of private netting By 1960, three states joined their barriers to form a single dog fence.Dingoes are known to attack humans /check_box/ NOT GIVEN TRUE FALSE Read the text and choose the best answer.The Fence stays away from towns Where it passes near a town, it has actually become a tourist attraction visited on bus tours It marks the traditional dividing line between cattle and sheep Inside, where the dingoes are legally classified as vermin, they are shot, poisoned and trapped Sheep and dingoes not mix and the Fence sends that message mile after mile.What is this creature that by itself threatens an entire industry, inflicting several millions of dollars of damage a year despite the presence of the world’s most obsessive fence? Cousin to the coyote and the jackal, descended from the Asian wolf, Canis lupus dingo is an introduced species of wild dog Skeletal remains indicate that the dingo was introduced to Australia more than 3,500 years ago probably with Asian seafarers who landed on the north coast The adaptable dingo spread rapidly and in a short time became the top predator, killing off all its marsupial competitors The dingo looks like a small wolf with a long nose, short pointed ears and a bushy tail Dingoes rarely bark; they yelp and howl Standing about 22 inches at the shoulder - slightly taller than a coyote - the dingo is Australia’s largest land carnivore.The dingo is indigenous to Australia /check_box/ FALSE NOT GIVEN TRUE Read the text and choose the best answer.The Fence stays away from towns Where it passes near a town, it has actually become a tourist attraction visited on bus tours It marks the traditional dividing line between cattle and sheep Inside, where the dingoes are legally classified as vermin, they are shot, poisoned and trapped Sheep and dingoes not mix and the Fence sends that message mile after mile.What is this creature that by itself threatens an entire industry, inflicting several millions of dollars of damage a year despite the presence of the world’s most obsessive fence? Cousin to the coyote and the jackal, descended from the Asian wolf, Canis lupus dingo is an introduced species of wild dog Skeletal remains indicate that the dingo was introduced to Australia more than 3,500 years ago probably with Asian seafarers who landed on the north coast The adaptable dingo spread rapidly and in a short time became the top predator, killing off all its marsupial competitors The dingo looks like a small wolf with a long nose, short pointed ears and a bushy tail Dingoes rarely bark; they yelp and howl Standing about 22 inches at the shoulder - slightly taller than a coyote - the dingo is Australia’s largest land carnivore.The fence is only partially successful /check_box/ TRUE NOT GIVEN FALSE Read the text and choose the best answer.The hunter-gatherer lifestyle indicates that women should exercise only a little less intensely than men, says De Vany 'Women are opportunistic hunters who go after small game when they come across it They also climb trees to capture honey and snare birds And have you ever seen how much work it is to dig out a deep tuber?' Women benefit enormously from strength work, he says It increases their bone density and they get and stay leaner by building muscle mass 'Today's women are so weak [compared with their female ancestors].'Of course, people vary De Vany acknowledges that our ancestors were adapted to a variety of terrains and climates Cordain points out that genetic differences between populations lead to different physical strengths East Africans, for example, seem to be better endurance runners, West Africans better sprinters But human genetic similarity greatly outweighs the variations And because our genes have changed so very little since Palaeolithic times, if you want to be a lean, mean, survival machine why not try exercising like a caveman?Geographical features have played a role inhumanphysical development /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.The implications of indoor pollution for health are unclear But before worrying about the problems caused by large-scale industry, it makes sense to consider the small-scale pollution at home and welcome international debate about this Scientists investigating indoor pollution will gather next month in Edinburgh at the Indoor Air conference to discuss the problem Perhaps unwisely, the meeting is being held indoors.Regarding the dangers of pollution, the writer believes that… /check_box/ there is a need for rational discussion people should worry most about their work environment industrial pollution causes specific diseases indoor pollution is a recent phenomenon Read the text and choose the best answer.The intense private battles between woolgrowers and dingoes have usually served to define the Fence only in economic terms It marks the difference between profit and loss Yet the Fence casts a much broader ecological shadow for it has become a kind of terrestrial dam, deflecting the flow of animals inside and out The ecological side effects appear most vividly at Sturt National Park In 1845, explorer Charles Sturt led an expedition through these parts on a futile search for an inland sea For Sturt and other early explorers, it was a rare event to see a kangaroo Now they are ubiquitous for without a native predator the kangaroo population has exploded inside the Fence Kangaroos are now cursed more than dingoes They have become the rivals of sheep, competing for water and grass In response state governments cull* more than three million kangaroos a year to keep Australia’s national symbol from overrunning the pastoral lands Park officials, who recognise that the fence is to blame, respond to the excess of kangaroos by saying ‘The fence is there, and we have to live with it.’Kangaroos have increased in number because of the fence /check_box/ TRUE NOT GIVEN FALSE Read the text and choose the best answer.The woolgrowers’ war against dingoes, which is similar to the sheep ranchers’ rage against coyotes in the US, started not long after the first European settlers disembarked in 1788, bringing with them a cargo of sheep Dingoes officially became outlaws in 1830 when governments placed a bounty on their heads Today bounties for problem dogs killing sheep inside the Fence can reach $500 As pioneers penetrated the interior with their flocks of sheep, fences replaced shepherds until, by the end of the 19th century, thousands of miles of barrier fencing crisscrossed the vast grazing lands.‘The dingo started out as a quiet observer,’ writes Roland Breckwoldt, in A Very Elegant Animal: The Dingo, ‘but soon came to represent everything that was dark and dangerous on the continent.’ It is estimated that since sheep arrived in Australia, dingo numbers have increased a hundredfold Though dingoes have been eradicated from parts of Australia, an educated guess puts the population at more than a million.When did the authorities first acknowledge the dingo problem? /check_box/ 1830 1845 1788 1960 Read the text and choose the best answer.Though most children are not diagnosed with dyslexia until they enter the school system, there are some early signs of the disability Toddlers who talk much later than average, have difficulty learning new words, or not understand the concept of rhyming may develop other dyslexic symptoms As children begin school, teachers are trained to look for warning signs, such as an inability to recognize2 letters or spaces between words on a page or difficulty following instructions given with more than one command at a time Properly screening children for dyslexia is important since other factors can limit reading abilities, including vision or hearing impairment, anxiety, or other neurological problems.Which of the following is the sign of dyslexia mentioned in the passage? /check_box/ trouble with new vocabulary leaving big spaces between words inability to give commands difficulty turning the pages of a book Read the text and choose the best answer.Though most children are not diagnosed with dyslexia until they enter the school system, there are some early signs of the disability Toddlers who talk much later than average, have difficulty learning new words, or not understand the concept of rhyming may develop other dyslexic symptoms As children begin school, teachers are trained to look for warning signs, such as an inability to recognize2 letters or spaces between words on a page or difficulty following instructions given with more than one command at a time Properly screening children for dyslexia is important since other factors can limit reading abilities, including vision or hearing impairment, anxiety, or other neurological problems.Which of the following is the sign of dyslexia mentioned in the passage? /check_box/ learning to talk at a later than normal age difficulty turning the pages of a book inability to give commands leaving big spaces between words Read the text and choose the best answer.To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests.A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed below.A link exist between the consequences of decisions and the decision making process itself /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests.A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed below.Scientists are interested in the effect of forestry on native animals /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer.To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests.A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed belowA species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists /check_box/ FALSE NOT GIVEN TRUE Read the text and choose the best answer.To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests.A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed belowExtinction is a naturally occurring phenomenon /check_box/ NOT GIVEN FALSE TRUE Read the text and choose the best answer.Vikings from Denmark, meanwhile, ravaged large swaths of England and France In 866, a Viking “Great Army” landed in England, occupying much of the country’s north and east They forced the English king to acknowledge their control of much of England under the so-called Danelaw To the west, they conquered coastal portions of Ireland, and in 841 founded Dublin, today a major Irish city, but originally a Viking fort The Vikings remained a major power in Ireland until the early eleventh century.To the south, the Vikings conquered France, moving swiftly up rivers in long boats, powered by oar and sail From 845 to 886, they surged up the Seine to attack Paris three times To stop the raids, French King Charles III the Simple in 911 offered the Viking chief Rollo territories in northwest France, called Normandy, after the Normans or “Northmen.” There they set up a powerful kingdom and, in 1066, under William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold at the battle of Hastings in England.When did Viking warriors defeat an English king? /check_box/ 1066 845 886 866 Read the text and choose the best answer.While many of caffeine’s undesirable effects, such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, are brief, some short-term benefits, including pain relief, increased alertness, and increased physical endurance, have also been attributed to caffeine As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers, caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly By constricting blood vessels in the brain, it can alleviate headaches—even migraines—and can help counter the drowsiness caused by antihistamines.Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert Research has shown that sleep- deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina—hence its addition to energy- boosting sports drinks.Caffeine can help some medications work faster /check_box/ TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the most suitable heading.Although the metabolism myth has been completely disproved, science has far from discounted our genes as responsible for making us whatever weight we are, fat or thin One of the world's leading obesity researchers, geneticist Professor Stephen O'Rahilly, goes so far as to say we are on the threshold of a complete change in the way we view not only morbid obesity, but also everyday overweight Prof O'Rahilly's groundbreaking work in Cambridge has proven that obesity can be caused by our genes 'These people are not weak- willed, slothful or lazy,' says Prof O'Rahilly, 'They have a medical condition due to a genetic defect and that causes them to be obese.'What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph? /check_box/ New perspective on the horizon Hidden dangers A very uncommon complaint Lifestyle change required despite new findings Jebb, 'is that overweight people actually burn off more energy They have more cells, bigger hearts, bigger lungs and they all need more energy just to keep going.'What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph? /check_box/ Expert explains energy requirements of obese people Lifestyle change required despite new findings A very uncommon complaint Proof of the truth Read the text and choose the the most suitable heading.It has long been known that a part of the brain called the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger, among other things But it wasn't until 1994 that Professor Jeffery Friedman from Rockerfeller University in the US sent science in a new direction by studying an obese mouse Prof Friedman found that unlike its thin brothers, the fat mouse did not produce a hitherto unknown hormone called leptin Manufactured by the fat cells, leptin acts as a messenger, sending signals to the hypothalamus to turn off the appetite Previously, the fat cells were thought to be responsible simply for storing fat Prof Friedman gave the fat mouse leptin and it lost 30% of its body weight in two weeks.What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph? /check_box/ Rodent research leads the way Nature or nurture A very uncommon complaint Lifestyle change required despite new findings ... and, in 1 066 , under William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold at the battle of Hastings in England.When did Viking warriors defeat an English king? /check_box/ 1 066 845 8 86 866 Read the... until the early eleventh century.When did Vikings establish a fort in Ireland? /check_box/ 841 866 980 998 Read the text and choose the best answer.Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep,... the best answer.Vikings from Denmark, meanwhile, ravaged large swaths of England and France In 866 , a Viking “Great Army” landed in England, occupying much of the country’s north and east They