INTERPRETATION 1 core course material INTERPRETATION BASIC INTERPRETATION SKILLS INTERPRETATION PRACTICE

UNIVERSITY OF DALAT FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES INTERPRETATION Core Course Material Selected and compiled by Nguyen Thi Thao Hien FOR UDL STUDENTS ONLY, NOT FOR SALE Dalat, 2021 Dalat, 2018 COURSE OUTLINE i-ix PART 1 INTERPRETATION & BASIC INTERPRETATION SKILLS UNIT 1: INTERPRETATION UNIT 2: CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETATION UNIT 3: UNDERSTANDING THE MESSAGE UNIT 4: CONCENTRATING & MEMORIZING 11 UNIT 5: NOTE-TAKING & DEALING WITH FIGURES UNIT 6: PUBLIC SPEAKING 13 & 20 24 PART 27 INTERPRETATION PRACTICE UNIT 7: TOURISM 28 UNIT 8: CULTURE 31 UNIT 9: EDUCATION 35 UNIT 10: ENVIRONMENT 39 UNIT 11: BUSINESS 42 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ ĐỀ CƯƠNG HỌC PHẦN NN3211 – PHIÊN DỊCH (INTERPRETATION 1) I THÔNG TIN CHUNG Giảng viên Họ tên Nguyễn Thị Thảo Hiền Chức danh Thạc sỹ - Giảng viên Bộ môn Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Số điện thoại 063 3834048 E-mail hienntt@dlu.edu.vn Học phần Mã học phần NN3211 Tên học phần Phiên dịch Loại học phần Kiến thức giáo dục chuyên nghiệp – Kiến thức ngành – Học phần tự chọn Số tín (Lý thuyết: – Bài tập: 1) Số tiết học 45 (Lý thuyết: 30 – Bài tập: 15) Điều kiện tham gia học phần  Học phần tiên quyết: Không  Các yêu cầu khác: - SV phải có kỹ sử dụng từ điển - SV phải có kỹ sử dụng tin học văn phòng - SV phải có kỹ tra cứu liệu Internet, Thư viện i II TÀI LIỆU PHỤC VỤ HỌC PHẦN Giáo trình [1] Hien, N T T (2020) Interpretation University of Dalat Tài liệu tham khảo [2] Hung, N (2007) Hướng dẫn kỹ thuật phiên dịch Anh-Việt, Việt-Anh Hồ Chí Minh: NXB Trẻ [3] Nolan, J (2005) Interpretation Techniques and Exercises Great Britain: Cromwell Press Ltd [4] Thoại, T.N., Trâm, T.T.Q & Thy, P.C.M (2009) Lý Thuyết Dịch Trường Đại học Đà Lạt [5] Túc, H.Đ (2012) Dịch thuật Tự Hồ Chí Minh: Cơng ty TNHH Sách Phương Nam Đại học Hoa Sen [6] World Learning (2018) Introduction to culture In "Integrating Critical Thinking Skills into the Exploration of Culture in an EFL Setting" [Online course] Các loại học liệu khác     02 đĩa CD luyện phiên dịch EU, 04 đĩa CD hướng dẫn kỹ thuật phiên dịch Các trang web: bbc.com.uk.learningenglish, VOA Special English Máy laptop, loa, máy chiếu, tai nghe Phịng luyện nghe (LAB) III MƠ TẢ HỌC PHẦN Học phần giới thiệu tổng quan loại hình phiên dịch, kĩ phiên dịch Nghe hiểu để dịch, Luyện trí nhớ, Ghi chép, Kĩ trình bày Sinh viên vận dụng linh hoạt kỹ thuật phiên dịch, đảm bảo dịch đủ nội dung cần phiên dịch thực hành phiên dịch câu, đoạn ngắn, phát biểu vấn từ Anh sang Việt từ ngữ liệu thực tế theo chủ đề phổ biến du lịch, văn hóa, giáo dục, mơi trường, kinh doanh IV MỤC TIÊU HỌC PHẦN, CHUẨN ĐẦU RA Mục tiêu học phần Học phần nhằm trang bị cho sinh viên kiến thức kĩ dịch ngữ liệu có thật đời sống thuộc chủ đề thông thường giúp sinh viên vận dụng linh hoạt kỹ thuật phiên dịch, đảm bảo dịch đủ nội dung cần phiên dịch Môn học dành cho sinh viên chuyên ngành Biên – Phiên Dịch có trình độ tiếng Anh trung cấp trở lên, người cần sử dụng tiếng Anh ngành du lịch, văn hóa, giáo dục, mơi trường, kinh doanh ii Chuẩn đầu học phần Sau hoàn thành việc học học phần này, sinh viên có thể: Phân biệt khác biệt dịch viết dịch nói Hiểu rõ vai trị cơng việc người phiên dịch thực tế Vận dụng tốt kỹ loại hình dịch đuổi: nghe hiểu, ghi nhớ, ghi chép, trình bày Trau dồi kỹ nghe nói, diễn đạt, trình bày tiếng mẹ đẻ ngoại ngữ học Nâng cao vốn kiến thức tổng quát từ vựng nhiều lĩnh vực đời sống du lịch, văn hóa, giáo dục, mơi trường, kinh doanh Có khả thuyết minh, trình bày tập giao độc lập theo nhóm, đưa hướng giải vấn đề dựa kiến thức học giúp tự tin thực hành dịch lớp thực tế Áp dụng kiến thức công nghệ thông tin để hỗ trợ sưu tầm, soạn thảo tài liệu phục vụ hoạt động học tập Các chuẩn đầu học phần phù hợp với chuẩn đầu chương trình sau: Chuẩn đầu học phần C01 X C02 X Chuẩn đầu chương trình C03 C04 C05 C06 C07 X X X X X X X X X C08 C09 X X X X C10 X V ĐÁNH GIÁ KẾT QUẢ HỌC TẬP Kết học tập sinh viên học phần đánh sau: A Đánh giá trình (50%) Điểm đánh giá Hoạt động Bài tập yêu cầu sinh viên làm việc theo 20% lớp nhóm (3-5 SV/ nhóm), hiểu ứng dụng kĩ phiên dịch học để dịch đoạn video/ audio liên quan đến chủ đề học (Du lịch, Văn hố, Giáo dục, Mơi trường, Kinh doanh) Các hoạt động Hình thức tổ chức thực iii Hình thức Trực tuyến/ Trực tiếp + Mỗi nhóm chọn video/ audio Tiếng Anh thuộc chủ đề nêu trên( video khơng có phụ đề, dài từ 8-10 phút, độ khó mức trung bình; tốc độ nói vừa phải (GV gửi video mẫu cho lớp để theo SV lựa chọn video cho phù hợp) +SV nộp video cho giảng viên duyệt trước tuần Sau đến ngày kiểm tra, giáo viên chọn video/ audio (Nhóm nộp video/ audio khơng dịch video/ audio nhóm mình) Giảng viên cho SV nhóm kiểm tra xem qua video nghe qua audio lần Sau SV nhóm kiểm tra thảo luận với (10 phút) GV bật video/ audio yêu cầu sinh viên nhóm dịch lại đoạn nhỏ dịch xong video) Bài kiểm tra Bài kiểm tra dài 5-7 phút/ SV, yêu cầu 15% sinh viên vận dụng kiến thức phiên dịch học, dịch đuổi đoạn đối thoại từ Anh sang Việt (80-100 từ/ SV) thuộc chủ đề học (tính đến thời điểm kiểm tra) Bài kiểm tra Bài kiểm tra dài 5-7 phút/ SV, yêu 15% cầu sinh viên vận dụng nâng cao kiến thức Phiên dịch học , dịch đuổi đoạn vấn, phát biểu, giảng báo cáo từ Tiếng Anh sang Tiếng Việt (80-100 từ/ SV) thuộc chủ đề học (tính đến thời điểm kiểm tra) Trực tuyến/ Trực tiếp Trực tuyến/ Trực tiếp B Đánh giá cuối kỳ (50%) Bài thi dài từ 5-7 phút/ SV Thí sinh dịch đuổi đoạn vấn, phát biểu, giảng báo cáo từ Tiếng Anh sang Tiếng Việt thuộc tất chủ đề học Format thi sau: Cách tiến hành thi trực tiếp: Giám khảo gọi SV vào phòng thi để dịch đuổi vấn, phát biểu, giảng báo cáo từ Tiếng Anh sang Tiếng Việt Giám khảo cho sinh viên biết chủ đề dịch Lần lượt giám khảo đọc vấn, phát biểu, giảng báo cáo Tiếng Anh, Sinh viên nghe, ghi dịch lại Tiếng Việt Mỗi sinh viên dịch đoạn ngắn vòng 5-7 phút iv Cách tiến hành thi trực tuyến: - Cán coi thi sinh viên tham gia vào nhóm zalo cán tổ chức thi tạo - Cán coi thi gọi tên sinh viên nhóm zalo yêu cầu sinh viên vào phòng thi Google Meet (phòng thi gửi link đến tất sinh viên) (4-5 SV/ nhóm) - Cán coi thi cho sinh viên biết chủ đề dịch Lần lượt CBCT đọc vấn, phát biểu, giảng báo cáo Tiếng Anh Sinh viên nghe, ghi dịch lại Tiếng Việt Mỗi sinh viên dịch đoạn ngắn vòng 5-7 phút - Cán coi thi phải bật chế độ “ghi” để ghi lại toàn họp Google Meet - Sinh viên phải tự chuẩn bị laptop/ điện thoại có camera micro tốt để đảm bảo chất lượng âm hình ảnh thời gian thi Trong suốt thời gian thi, sinh viên phải bật camera quay rõ mặt - Sinh viên sử dụng giấy bút để ghi chép Tiêu chí đánh giá thang điểm cho hai kiểm tra thi cuối khóa: Dịch đúng, đủ ý (Accuracy & Completeness) Dịch lưu loát, mạch lạc, không yêu cầu đọc lại (Smooth flow / Coherence / No repetition) Tự tin giao tiếp, âm vực rõ, phù hợp (Eye-contact, clarity of voice, appropriate tone) Dùng từ ngữ, cấu trúc hay (Effective language use) Chủ đề: - Du lịch Văn hố Giáo dục Mơi trường Kinh doanh v Các đánh giá nhằm kiểm tra việc đạt chuẩn đầu học phần sau: CĐR học phần Bài tập Kiểm tra Bài tập Kiểm tra Thi cuối kỳ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VI KẾ HOẠCH GIẢNG DẠY Nội dung Hoạt động dạy học  Giới thiệu tổng quan học phần:  SV đọc trước phần Đề cương học phần 1, giáo trình Buổi học tiết/buổi     Mục tiêu môn học, nội dung môn học, lịch giảng, phương  GV gợi ý thảo luận pháp giảng dạy, cách kiểm tra  SV thảo luận cặp/nhóm xây dựng lý thuyết, hoàn thành thực đánh giá, nguồn học liệu hành Bài 1:  SV đọc lại giáo trình [1], để Phiên dịch – Một vài khái niệm củng cố GV đúc kết Phiên dịch: định nghĩa, loại  SV đọc thêm giáo trình [3], hình phiên dịch, tình 10 phiên dịch, vai trò người phiên dịch Sự khác biệt phiên dịch biên dịch Để trở thành phiên dịch viên tốt vi  Bài 2: Phiên dịch đuổi  Qui trình phiên dịch đuổi  12 qui tắc phiên dịch đuổi  GV gợi ý thảo luận  SV thảo luận cặp/nhóm xây dựng lý thuyết, hồn thành thực hành Bài 3: Hiểu để dịch  GV đúc kết  Đọc hiểu  Nghe hiểu  SV đọc trước giáo trình [1],  GV cung cấp vài đoạn băng nghe SV xác định qui trình phiên dịch, mục đích nghe, luyện nghe theo mục đích Bài Kỹ tập trung ghi nhớ dịch đuổi Các kỹ thuật luyện kỹ ghi nhớ, sử dụng trí nhớ ngắn để dịch hội thoại, dịch câu ngắn  SV đọc trước giáo trình [1], SV làm việc cặp/nhóm chia sẻ kỹ thuật luyện kỹ ghi nhớ SV làm luyện trí nhớ giáo trình, sử dụng kỹ dịch câu ngắn từ Anh sang Việt GV hỗ trợ, nhận xét Bài SV đọc trước giáo trình [1], Kỹ ghi chép dịch đuổi SV làm việc cặp/nhóm, trình bày kỹ thuật luyện ghi chép thông tin Các kỹ thuật luyện ghi chép thông tin có liên quan đến ý chính, số liệu, tên riêng, kiện yết tố kết nối Dịch số liệu SV làm luyện ghi chép thông tin giáo trình, sử dụng kỹ dịch đoạn văn tin vắn báo đài từ Anh sang Việt GV hỗ trợ Bài SV đọc trước giáo trình [1], Kĩ trình bày SV làm việc cặp/nhóm, làm luyện kĩ trình bày, sử dụng kỹ vii Day 1: Arriving No one can live forever but I have just arrived to a place where it’s most likely to happen It’s Japan where people live the longest out of any major country 84 on average (Welcome to Japan) No one know exactly why people live so long in Japan But if I were to guess, this is probably why In Japan, healthcare is so advanced, it will save you life Food is so healthy, it won’t clog your arteries Road are so organized, you won’t get hit by a car People are so polite, you won’t get in a fight Nature is so beautiful, you won’t stay indoors Society is so organized, you won’t get stressed And even toilet seats are heated so you can be in peace All of this means that when you’re 80, you can be just like this lady 1, 2, that’s one minute See you tomorrow! Day 2: Janpan’s food Konichiwa! What I’m about to eat is arguably the best sushi in the world because this piece of sushi came from this place - the world’s largest fish market- Tsukiji market in Japan And inside of it, you’ll find hundreds of fishermen coming together every sunrise to sell… fish These people have dedicated their lives to finding the best fish in the world - the perfect color, fattiness and freshness And when they find that perfect catch they buy it for tens of thousands of dollars, that’s like how much a car is worth All of this takes decades of experience, hundreds of people and tons of work everyday just so you can enjoy that piece of sushi! That’s one minute See you tomorrow! Yes! Day 3: Japan’s problems Japan is a near perfect country It has beautiful nature, order, wealth and culture It’s the perfect place to live Hello from Japan But for many here, it’s also the perfect place to die because in Japan, the suicide rate is one of the highest in the developed world, double that of Germany 32 It’s so high that there is a forest called the suicide forest where many Japanese people come to end their lives They walk into a dense forest, leaving only a string in case they change their mind Oftentimes, they don’t In a society where the focus is on your job, wealth and school, suicide ends up becoming the ultimate escape Suicide exists all over the world but to see it so prevalent in a near perfect country like Janpan makes one wonder: in pursuit of a perfect society, what is being lost on the way? That’s one minute See you tomorrow! Day 4: Japan’s inventions Meet Takuro Hi, I’m Takuro I’m Japanese crazy boy! This is why Takuro says he is crazy Takuro took dried roses, dipped them in gold and sold them to boy friends googling for girlfriends: presents, and expensive (things) That’s how he made $200, 000 Then he wanted to talk to machines so he built a ring With a swipe the ring controls your apps just like that It works! But Takuro couldn’t talk to people because he couldn’t speak English “In Taco Bell, it’s took me minutes to order water waaater? Umm w water! So he built a device to allow people like him to talk to people! Japanese: * Can I have a water please?* English: “I’d like a glass of water!” It’s a device that translates on the spot No Internet, no app, just click! Takuro grew up knowing only Japanese but instead of learning another language he found a way to learn every language That’s crazy “That’s one minute See you tomorrow!” Day 5: Japan’s prices Hi!!! We’re all sleeping on the street tonight to make a point And that point is simple! Tokyo is expensive! An airport train that’s an easy $30 If you wanna that in a cab that’ll be in the hundred because a 10-minute ride is $35 Fruits and vegetables are also expensive I walk into this speciality shop where a single peach cost $8, pomegranate $12, papaya $21 and these grapes $250 which means these grapes are $36 I bought them just to see if they’re good They’re nuts 33 A haircut is $40, an Adidas jacket is $250, and a tiny room in a hotel is no cheaper than a $150 But after spending $12 for one grape we’d rather sleep on the street Good morning! That’s one minute, see you tomorrow! Day 6: Japan’s past Right now it’s 11:02 AM exactly Almost 73 years ago, on this time, on this spot 500 meters up in the air, a nuclear bomb exploded over the city of Nagasaki More than 60,000 people died and their clock did too at 11:02 AM But the most amazing part of the city of Nagasaki is that life did not stop The city has been rebuilt completely What remains of the bomb destruction is now surrounded with buildings Every year, the Annual Chinese Lantern Festival takes place here, lighting up the entire city at night American companies bussiness here and the center of that bomb destruction is now where kids play People say: “Life moves on” and in the city of Nagasaki these words could not be anymore true Here it’s 11:03 AM That’s one minute, see you tomorrow! Day 7: What is Japan? Hi! On my last day in Japan we wanna tell you everything we like about this country other than our clothes Go! The odds are you haven’t been to Japan I have! And when you visit you will only wonder how can a country like this exist A country that’s so clean Your car tires have no dirt after a 3-hour ride A country with beautiful mountains, rich history and breathtaking culture With polite people some of whom are crazy, smart and innovative, with order and respect for everyone Arigatou (thank you in Japanese) But in that same country some prices can be so high especially that taxi you took And in that same country suicide rates can be so high they can be double than Germany Japan has many sides, both good and bad But at the end of the day it will only leave you saying: Wow, Japan is a country that’s imperfectly perfect 34 Activity Watch the video once and then summarize it in one or two sentences Activity Find the meaning of these words, phrases, and sentences in the text below How would you translate them into Vietnamese? thought leader (=an expert on a particular subject whose ideas and opinions influence other people, especially in business) this Industrial Age mentality of mass production and mass control still runs deep in schools lack of autonomy making the most of the lives bored and demotivated Most of the learning that happens in schools today is not authentic we measure how much has been retained by administering exams memorization and retention endless hours of tuition 10 an extremely standardized system 11 the key to fulfillment in life 12 room for sth (= opportunity for doing something: I feel the company has little room for manoeuvre.) 13 no room for sth (If you say there is no room for a feeling or type of behaviour, you mean it is not acceptable.) 14 a fundamentally dehumanizing experience to dehumanize (= to remove from a person the special human qualities of independent thought, feeling for other people) 15 our children have at their fingertips all the information in the world 16 to leverage (to use something that you already have in order to achieve something new or better) 17 become outdated and ineffective 35 Activity Watch the video again and interpret it into Vietnamese There is a growing feeling today that something is wrong with our system of education But what is it? Well, we send our children to school to prepare them for the real world, which is changing very, very fast But our schools haven’t changed much for hundreds of years In fact, thought leaders from the world agree that the current system of education was designed in the Industrial Age, mainly to churn out factory workers, and this Industrial Age mentality of mass production and mass control still runs deep in schools Problem 1: Industrial Age values We educated our children by batches And govern their lives by ringing bells All day long, students nothing but to follow instructions Sit down, take out your books, turn to page 40, solve problem number three, stop talking At school, you’re rewarded for doing exactly what you are told These are Industrial Age values that were really important for factory workers Their success depended on following instructions and doing exactly what they were told But in today’s world, how far can you get by simply following instructions? The modern world values people who can be creative, who can communicate their ideas and collaborate with others But our children don’t get a chance to develop such skills in a system that’s based on Industrial Age values Problem 2: Lack of autonomy and control At school, our children's experience is a complete lack of autonomy and control Every minute of a child’s life is tightly controlled by the system But in today's world, if you doing an important work, then you are managing your own time You are making your own decision regarding what to and when to it But life at school looks very different The system is sending a dangerous message to our children that they are not in charge of their own lives They just have to follow whatever laid down instead of taking charge and making the most of the lives Experts believe autonomy is incredibly important for children It is no wonder then that our children are bored and demotivated by the school Can you imagine how you would feel if you exactly what to for every minute of your life? 36 Problem 3: Inauthentic Learning Most of the learning that happens in schools today is not authentic, because it relies on memorization and rote learning The system defines a generic set of knowledge that all children must know And then, every few months, we measure how much has been retained by administering exams We know that such learning is not authentic because most of it is gone the day after the exam Learning can be much deeper and more authentic It can be so much more than just memorization and retention But that is the only thing we measure and test scores are the only thing we value This has created an extremely unhealthy culture for students, parents, and teachers Children are going through endless hours of tuition, staying up all night memorizing useless facts that they will forget very soon Problem 4: No room for passions and interests We have an extremely standardized system where each child must learn the same thing, at the same time in the same way as everyone else This doesn't respect the basic fact of being human, that each of us is unique and different in our own way We all have different passions and interests And the key to fulfillment in life is to find your passion But the schools of today help our children find and develop their passion? There seems to be no room in the current education system for the most important questions in a child's life: What am I good at? What I want to in life? How I fit into this world? The system doesn't seem to care There are so many greatly talented people who failed in the traditional school system Fortunately, they were able to overcome these failures But not everyone can We have no measure for how much talent, how much potential goes unrecognized in this current system 37 Problem 5: Differences in how we learn Each of us is also different in how we learn, and how much time we take to learn something, and what tools and resources work best for us But the system has no room for such differences So, if you are a bit slow in learning something, you are considering a failure when all you needed was a bit more time to catch up Problem 6: Lecturing In the current system, children are lectured for more than five hours a day But there are a few big problems with lecturing Sal Khan from Khan Academy calls lecturing “a fundamentally dehumanizing experience” “30 kids with fingers on their lips, not allowed to interact with each other.” Also, in any given classroom, different students are at different levels of understanding Now, whatever the teacher does, there are bound to be students who are either bored because of they’re ahead or confused because they’re behind Because of the Internet and digital media, our children have at their fingertips all the information in the world Technology has made it possible for anyone to learn anything, but for fear of losing control, the system is not leveraging these incredible resources Our system education, which evolved in the Industrial age, has become outdated and ineffective If we want to prepare our children for the modern world, if we want learning to be effective and engaging, then there’s no doubt that we need to fundamentally change our system of education 38 Activity Watch the video once and then summarize it in one or two sentences Activity Find the meaning of these words, phrases, and sentences in the text below How would you translate them into Vietnamese? overlook the damage an environmentally unethical system plastic bags exploded in popularity because it was marketed and made as a single-use product the default choice at supermarket checkout counters resource extraction and raw material production account for 60% of the environmental footprint of plastic bags (resource extraction: An example would be mining The miners extract ore, a valuable resource, from the ground Oil companies extract (pump) oil from the ground, etc.) post-use impact the five oceanic gyres that are created by circular currents to degrade microbial erosion 10 be fatal to marine life 11 adverse effects 12 the quote-unquote “longer-life” bags (quote-unquote is a way of saying quotation marks He is saying "longer-life" bags in an ironical way Normally, you would not see this expression in print, but you would hear it on occasion It might be more logical to say quote longer-life unquote, but we usually say it as he does The cloth bags clearly last much longer Maybe he believes people tend not to reuse them many times) 13 to equate a single use of a plastic bag 14 mitigating the negative effects 15 perpetuates the problem 39 16 17 18 19 environmental initiatives carbon emissions your sole contribution to climate change mitigation a small alteration that needs to go hand in hand with other actions Activity Watch the video again and interpret it into Vietnamese Paper or plastic a simple choice that has important environmental consequences Can be hard to know for sure which one has a smaller impact, and because plastic bags are such a presence in everyday life, it can be easy to overlook the damage they cause Today, we're going to look at the environmental impacts of plastic bags as well as the alternatives in order to understand what kind of choices we have as consumers in an environmentally unethical system The first plastic, Bakelite, was originally invented in 1907, but it wasn't until the 1960s that plastics, specifically polyethylene, became cheap and efficient to make Soon after the 1960s, plastic bags exploded in popularity because it was marketed and made as a single-use product Their cheap manufacturing costs allowed them to become the default choice at supermarket checkout counters But the problem is the cheap price doesn't account for the environmental costs of using plastic bags According to a study conducted by the English Environment Agency, resource extraction and raw material production account for 60% of the environmental footprint of plastic bags In other words, 60% of the bag's environmental impact happens before we even put our groceries in them, and although post-use impact accounts for less than half of a bag's total environmental impact, it is also the part of the bag's life that consumers can most easily control It's estimated that the US alone throws away 100 billion plastic bags annually, only a fraction of which gets recycled In general, most of these bags make their way into waterways and float along ocean currents until they make it to the five oceanic gyres that are created by circular currents And these plastic bags could take well over 500 years to degrade The bags don't maintain their original shape, however Instead, they slowly break down via sun, water, microbial erosion to smaller bits called microplastics, which can be fatal to marine life Considering the adverse effects of plastic bags, it would make sense then to buy a cloth reusable bag or opt for the paper bag, right? Well, the answer isn't so simple In the same study by the English Environment Agency, they found that the real environmental cost of a bag, whether plastic, paper, or cloth is heavily rooted in the production side of the product Plastic actually has the smallest environmental impact out of those three materials So, in order for the quote-unquote “longer40 life” bags to have a smaller environmental impact, they need to be used multiple times For paper, the study claims that it needs to be used three times in order to equate a single use of a plastic bag, and for cloth that number skyrockets to 131 uses This definitely shouldn't be taken to mean that single-use plastic bags are the best option When possible, we should avoid using them, but for those of us who already have a drawer full of plastic bags in our home, reusing is key for mitigating the negative effects of that plastic There is no need to go out and buy a brand-new reusable tote if you already have usable plastic bags at home Buying new reusable bags every time you go out to the store just perpetuates the problem Reducing the use of plastic bags has rightfully been a focus of environmental initiatives, but if we zoom out, they are a small part in a much larger environmental picture For example, it takes 40 times more energy to make a hamburger than it does to make a plastic bag, and even more frustrating, only 100 companies are responsible for 71 percent of all carbon emissions since 1988 Our choices as consumers are important, but we also face imperfect options based on production-side decisions So, reducing your plastic bags shouldn't be viewed as your sole contribution to climate change mitigation It's a small alteration that needs to go hand in hand with other actions like reexamining how much food you're buying from that very same grocery store, so you don't end up throwing away five pounds of vegetables at the end of the week In short, the bag you choose matters but not as much as how it came to be there, what you put in it, and how you use it 41 Activity Watch the video once and then summarize it in one or two sentences Activity Find the meaning of these words, phrases, and sentences in the text below How would you translate them into Vietnamese? stretch across large expanses expanse = a large, open area of land an ultra-soft fabric that rivals the softness of luxury fabrics depletion of resources and deforestation Bamboo horticulturists sustainable, renewable resources self-propagates to propagate = produce young plants soil erosion antibacterial harmful pesticides and fertilizers that can be detrimental to the environment 10 stands of bamboos stand = a group of trees, especially ones of a similar size, age, or type 11 tensile strength = the ability of a material or object to be stretched or pulled without breaking 12 to replenish = to return something to its earlier condition 13 piles of raw bamboo chips extracting the bamboo pulp that is then dried into parchment-like sheets 14 be ground and spun into a soft fluffy material 15 luxurious king size bed sheets 16 naturally thermal regulating 17 wicks moisture away from the body 42 18 19 20 21 22 wick = to absorb liquid from something and remove it retailers at the forefront of bringing bamboo clothing into the mainstream accessories products that are not only soft to the touch but have the green footprint Activity Watch the video again and interpret it into Vietnamese 43 All around the world, there are hundreds of thousands of different plant species, but there is one plant that stands above the rest in terms of usefulness and speed of growth That plant is bamboo Bamboo is one of the most fascinating, useful plants in the world Although it may look like a tree, it’s actually considered to be a grass Scientists have documented over 1,000 different species of bamboo growing in various regions around the world Bamboo forests grow naturally and stretch across large expanses throughout Southeast Asia, Hawaii, and many parts of South America For centuries, bamboo has been a miracle plant used by many as a sturdy building material and a viable source of food More recently, new processes in bamboo manufacturing have made it possible to take an extremely hard substance such as bamboo, and transform it into an ultra-soft fabric that rivals the softness of luxury fabrics like silk and cashmere In a time when global warming, depletion of resources and deforestation threatens the balance of the delicate natural world and its diverse ecosystems, bamboo is making a name for itself as a viable solution and resource that’s both remarkably useful and environmentally friendly Bamboo horticulturists from all over the world consider bamboo to be one of the most sustainable, renewable resources known on the planet This is evidenced in some species of bamboo that have been known to grow up to four feet a day and reach maturity within two years, a mere fraction of the 50 to 60 years it takes for traditional timber to grow to maturity and become ready for harvesting After harvesting bamboo, it rapidly self-propagates and new bamboo forests quickly spring up, preventing deforestation and soil erosion that is common with other types of timber harvests Unlike other plants, bamboo is naturally antibacterial and has no need for harmful pesticides and fertilizers that can be detrimental to the environment With carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere on the rise, bamboo becomes a highly beneficial tool to clean the air we breathe Bamboo and other plants convert carbon dioxide into clean, breathable oxygen However, bamboo does it much better than your average tree Stands of bamboo can produce 35% more oxygen than an equivalent stand of trees, helping each of us breathe a little bit easier Bamboo is a unique product Here at Bamboo Giant, we have over 50 varieties from a foot tall to 50 feet tall, but it all shares the same growth method which is totally unique A bamboo shoot comes out of the ground at full diameter It grows to full height in a matter of weeks It branches, it leaves, and it finishes The canes are incredibly useful 44 to make all manner of products from the shirt I’m wearing to bamboo flooring, furniture, fencing in numerable products The canes are stronger than steel by weight Thomas Edison used bamboo as reinforcing in concrete in some of his experimental swimming pools and house structures because it was cheaper than steel for the same strength and lightweight And so you know from building to food source, all parts of the bamboo can be used One of the more intriguing uses of bamboo is the recent production of bamboo into ultra-soft and comfortable eco-friendly fabric How can a material that has the tensile strength of steel be transformed into an ultrasoft fabric? The answer lies in the incredibly unique manufacturing process that allows us to wear this remarkable plant It begins with the harvest of mature bamboo that is merely years old Getting the cut as clean as possible makes it possible for new shoots to grow and naturally replenish for the next harvest in years’ time The bamboo is then taken and chopped into pieces resulting in piles of raw bamboo chips The chips are then soaked in a solution which has been approved by the Global Organic Textile Standard to ensure that this process is as environmentally friendly as the bamboo it soaks This solution breaks down the bamboo fibers, extracting the bamboo pulp that is then dried into parchment-like sheets Once thoroughly dried, these sheets are ready to be ground and spun into a soft fluffy material referred to as bamboo fiber The fiber is then separated and spun into thread which is used to create yarn for weaving The result is a cloth that is twice as soft as cotton and is compared to luxury fabrics like silk It can be made into products from T-shirts to luxurious king size bed sheets Bamboo fabric is a remarkable material with properties that are unique and fascinating One such property is that the cloth is naturally thermal regulating, keeping the body cooler when the weather is hot and warmer when it’s cold It also wicks moisture away from the body, keeping the wearer dry and degrees cooler than other conventional fabrics When made into bedsheets, they are softer than 1,000 thread count Egyptian cotton Bamboo sheets are truly a comfortable, yet eco-friendly way to enjoy a good night’s sleep Bamboo fabric is quickly becoming a viable resource for several retailers One such retailer that is at the forefront of bringing bamboo clothing into the mainstream is CariLoha In starting CariLoha, we went down to Southern California, worked at one of our factories to create our first bamboo shirt And as we did that we created 5,000, took the 45 5,000, put them in our stores in St Thomas and Sefa Chayanne, Cozumel Mexico, and in Jamaica The shirts sold out, all 5,000 in a week and a half And we set out to create bedsheets, bath towels, socks, as well as purses that were lined ultra-soft bamboo fabrics This shirt that I’m wearing is made of bamboo The socks that I have are made of bamboo I’ve been able to incorporate ultra-soft, eco-friendly bamboo fabrics that are twice as soft as cotton, three degrees cooler than cotton, and comes with the most sustainable resource on the planet in bamboo and incorporate those into my daily life Today CariLoha is the world’s only retail brand with stores that are completely merchandised with ultra-soft comfortable clothing and accessories made of bamboo An ever-growing rich supply of bamboo makes it possible for CariLoha to offer products that are not only soft to the touch but have the green footprint of this renewable resource Aside from clothing, bamboo can be transformed into a countless number of useful, environmentally friendly products that will help the world be a little greener As resources continue to deplete, bamboo stands strong as a renewable resource that regrows almost as quickly as it can be consumed It is truly a miracle plant that will eventually grow its way into all of our futures and become a reliable resource for centuries to come 46 ... COURSE OUTLINE i-ix PART 1 INTERPRETATION & BASIC INTERPRETATION SKILLS UNIT 1: INTERPRETATION UNIT 2: CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETATION UNIT 3: UNDERSTANDING THE... notes should be taken? d What are good materials for note-taking? e Name some techniques used for note-taking 13 14 15 16 Task 17 18 19 20 represent three zeros 21 The United Kingdom is a country... MEMORIZING 11 UNIT 5: NOTE-TAKING & DEALING WITH FIGURES UNIT 6: PUBLIC SPEAKING 13 & 20 24 PART 27 INTERPRETATION PRACTICE UNIT 7: TOURISM 28 UNIT 8: CULTURE 31 UNIT 9: EDUCATION 35 UNIT 10 : ENVIRONMENT