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Re-visioning television
Research on the policy, strategy
and models for the sustainable
development of community television
in South Africa
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Title page to come from Cover designer. Do not use this!
Re-visioning television
Research on the policy,
strategy and models for the
sustainable development of
community television
in South Africa
By Adrian Hadland, Mike Aldridge and
Joshua Ogada
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Compiled by the Society, Culture and Identity Research Programme of the
Human Sciences Research Council
Published by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
© 2006 Human Sciences Research Council
First published 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
ISBN 0-7969-2160-1
Copy editing by Laurie Rose-Innes
Cover design by Jenny Frost and Jacob Erasmus
Cover photograph by Christine Nachmann. Mural by The Lines of Attitude Team:
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List of tables and figures vi
Acknowledgements viii
Preface ix
Executive summary xi
Acronyms and abbreviations xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to community television 1
Chapter 2 Regulatory overview 15
Chapter 3 Lessons from community radio 37
Chapter 4 CTV in South Africa today 43
Chapter 5 Partnerships 67
Chapter 6 Signal distribution 97
Chapter 7 Production 103
Chapter 8 Programming 125
Chapter 9 Audience research 141
Chapter 10 Rural CTV 145
Chapter 11 Future technical directions
for CTV 153
Chapter 12 Business models 165
Chapter 13 Conclusion 185
Chapter 14 Case study: CTV Cape Town
business model 187
Appendix A Local CTV scoping report: technical
parameters — University of Cape
Town 203
Appendix B Local CTV scoping report: technical
parameters — University of the
Western Cape 206
Glossary 209
References 213
CONTENTS
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CHAPTER
vi
©HSRC 2006
Tables
Table 8.1 Weekly CTV programming 133
Table 8.2 Daily programming, Monday to Friday 136
Table 14.1 AMPS audience ratings (000s), April 2004 193
Table 14.2 Cape Town income demographics 193
Figures
Figure 7.1 Prosumer to professional camera price range 110
Figure 7.2 Low to medium camera price range 111
Figure 7.3 Manual broadcast workflow 115
Figure 7.4 Automated digital workflow solution 116
Figure 8.1 Weekly programming hours 134
Figure 8.2 Daily programming, Monday to Friday 135
Figure 11.1 Video sharing network 156
Figure 11.2 The PanAmSat (PAS) 7 footprint 157
Figure 12.1 Total TV viewing 171
Figure 12.2 Total TV households (TVHHs) 171
Figure 12.3 Audience share, all adults (South Africa) 172
Figure 12.4 Audience share, all adults (Western Cape) 173
Figure 12.5 Audience share, all adults (Gauteng) 173
Figure 12.6 Audience share, all adults (KwaZulu-Natal) 174
Figure 12.7 African audience share 175
Figure 12.8 White audience share 175
Figure 12.9 Coloured audience share 175
Figure 12.10 Indian audience share 176
Figure 12.11 English audience (home language) 176
Figure 12.12 Afrikaans audience (home language) 177
Figure 12.13 IsiXhosa audience (home language) 177
Figure 12.14 South Sotho audience (home language) 177
Figure 12.15 IsiZulu audience (home language) 178
Figure 12.16 Audience by age group, 16–24 years 178
Figure 12.17 Audience by age group, 25–34 years 179
Figure 12.18 Audience by age group, 35–49 years 179
Figure 12.19 Universal LSM 3, TVA 180
Figure 12.20 Universal LSM 3, TVHH 180
Figure 12.21 Universal LSM 6, TVA 180
Figure 12.22 Universal LSM 6, TVHH 181
TABLES AND FIGURES
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Chapter 5
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Figure 12.23 Universal LSM 8, TVA 181
Figure 12.24 Universal LSM 8, TVHH 181
Figure 12.25 Universal LSM 10, TVA 182
Figure 12.26 Universal LSM 10, TVHH 182
Figure 14.1 Cape Town income demographics 194
Figure 14.2 Coverage for CT CTV 200
Tables and figures
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CHAPTER
viii
©HSRC 2006
The authors of this report would like to thank the following individuals and organisations
for their invaluable help and support:
Karen Thorne, Khululekile Banzi, Andrei Naidoo, Jean Witten of the HSRC, the Cape
Town Community Television Collective (CT CTVC), Greater Durban Television (GDTV),
the Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA) and the Media Institute of
Southern Africa – South Africa (MISA-SA).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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ix
©HSRC 2006
This report on the policy, strategy and models for the sustainable development of
community television (CTV) in South Africa is the result of a deeply participative research
process led by the Society, Culture and Identity (SCI) Research Programme of the Human
Sciences Research Council (HSRC). The HSRC is a statutory organisation that conducts
research aimed at supporting the country’s drive to a better, more equitable and brighter
future. Media and its role and impact on society remain a key research interest of the SCI
team, which has already produced some important work on the subject (see, for instance,
Hadland & Thorne [2004: 9]).
Conceptualised by HSRC Chief Research Specialist Adrian Hadland with the assistance
of CTV activist and Arts and Media Access Centre Director Karen Thorne, the project
was intended to provide support to South Africa’s nascent local television sector.
Underpinning this interest is the assumption that improved access to more diverse media
is good for democracy, development and empowerment. Funded initially with the HSRC’s
parliamentary grant, the Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA) has again
joined hands to support an HSRC media research project. Further assistance has been
forthcoming from the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA).
The work contained in this report has been informed by a process of participation and
collaboration that has involved many key members and organisations within the CTV
community. Two of the principal authors, Mike Aldridge and Joshua Ogada, as well as
the assistant and intern Khululekhile Banzi, boast many years of work in and around
community media and have a special interest in CTV. The project also relied heavily
on the Cape Town Community Television Co-operative and its steering committee, the
body that is driving the CTV process in the Cape and which represents a wide range of
stakeholders. A regional workshop and a series of sectoral workshops were held during
the course of this research project, which helped root the work in the real needs and
priorities of people involved in, or wishing to become involved in, CTV.
In addition, another formal collaborative partner in this research has been Greater Durban
Television (GDTV), one of the pathfinders of CTV in South Africa. GDTV’s willingness to
share its experiences and knowledge and to support the drive to a broad-access national
television network for the people has been important. Readers will find these elements
along with the Cape Town Collective’s inputs reflected in particular in the case study
section of this report. Their collective wisdom, however, is inherent in this research from
one end of the report to the other.
Once a draft report had been completed, a national workshop was held at the HSRC’s
Pretoria office in late October 2005. Here, stakeholders and interested parties from across
the country assembled to debate the principles, values, models and recommendations
contained in this report. MISA played a key role in ensuring the success of the workshop,
which had as its keynote speaker the former CEO of the MDDA, Libby Lloyd. Feedback
and inputs from the workshop are incorporated into this report to make it a truly
inclusive and participative work reflecting the experiences, needs and beliefs of many
people who have worked hard for years to bring CTV to South Africa.
The authors would like to thank the stakeholders, activists and interested parties
who have participated in this research project in one way or another, from filling out
questionnaires and taking part in workshops to debating the issues that the report
contains. We have sought to reflect as many of the opposing and divergent views as
possible. We hope, in the end, to have combined many strands of experience, research
PREFACE
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Knowledge networks
x
©HSRC 2006
and opinion and to have knitted them together to provide a solid platform from which
CTV in South Africa can go onward and upward. We also acknowledge the work, often
unseen or unreported, that has been done over the last decade by people who care about
CTV to keep the hope alive. We stand, at last, on the very brink of success.
Adrian Hadland, Mike Aldridge and Joshua Ogada
Cape Town
January 2006
re-visioning television
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[...]... Products Survey ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee AVEA Audio-Visual Entrepreneurs of Africa AV audio-visual CBO community-based organisation CCD charge-coupled device CDH Community Digital Hub CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor CTN Community Television Network CTV community television CT CTV Cape Town community television CT CTVC Cape Town Community Television Collective CVET Community... integrated development plan IP Internet protocol IPDC International Programme for the Development of Communication ISDN integrated services digital network xiii ©HSRC 2006 re-visioning television Knowledge networks IWT Independent World Television kW kilowatt LAN local-area network LSM Living Standards Measure MAPP Media, Advertising, Publishing, Printing and Packaging MB megabyte MBps megabytes per second... strategy and models for the sustainable development of community television (CTV) in South Africa It is the result of a deeply participative research process led by the Society, Culture and Identity (SCI) Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), and was conceptualised to provide support to South Africa’s nascent local television sector Funded initially with the HSRC’s parliamentary... research It establishes a theoretical framework and provides a template on which future research into audience perceptions of CTV can be based Compiled by Joshua Ogada and Andrei Naidoo xi ©HSRC 2006 re-visioning television Knowledge networks Chapter Ten deals with the challenges facing the development of CTV in South Africa’s rural areas It considers a definition of what constitutes a rural area and proposes... National Electronic Media Institute of South Africa NFVF National Film and Video Foundation NGO non-governmental organisation NTSC National Television System Committee OB outside broadcast OSS open-source software PAL phase alternating line PATV public access television RAM random-access memory RAMS Radio Audience Measurement Survey SAARF South African Advertising Research Foundation SABC South African... SAMRO South African Music Rights Organisation SD standard definition SETA Sector Education and Training Authority SMME small, medium and micro enterprise SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers TVA television audience UHF ultra-high frequency UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service USA Universal Service Agency VHF xiv videotape recorder WAN ©HSRC 2006 very high frequency VTR... It examines the possibilities of using Internet TV, netcasting, video content delivery over data networks and cellular communications, as well as still-developing technologies allowing for interactive television and the issues raised by digital broadcasting Compiled by Mike Aldridge Chapter Twelve examines business models for CTV It discusses issues of sustainability, advertising, demographics, content... state of CTV in South Africa It examines the history of the CTV initiative and presents case studies of five local CTV outfits: Soweto TV, Cue TV, Bush TV, Greater Durban TV and the Cape Town Community Television Collective Compiled by Mike Aldridge, with contributions by Khululekile Banzi Chapter Five looks at partnerships It lists possible funding partners and content partners, and considers institutions... Communications DTT digital terrestrial transmission DV digital video ENG electronic news gathering FRU Film Resource Unit GB gigabyte GCIS Government Communication and Information System GDTV Greater Durban Television HD high definition HH household HSDPA High-speed downlink packet access HSRC Human Sciences Research Council IBA Independent Broadcasting Authority ICASA Independent Communications Authority . semiconductor
CTN Community Television Network
CTV community television
CT CTV Cape Town community television
CT CTVC Cape Town Community Television Collective
CVET. Africa
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