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Tài liệu The pathophysiology of tuberculosis - Tuberculosis: back to basics ppt

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Thep athophysiolo gyoftuberculo sis GrahamRook CentreforInfectiousDiseaseandInternationalHealth WindeyerInstitute Universit yCollegeLondon g.roo k@ucl.ac.uk Tube rculosis:backtobasics Manchester,Thurs18thNovember2004 [...]... Rook GAW, Hernandez Pando R, Dheda K, Seah GT. IL­4 in tuberculosis:   implications for vaccine design. Trends in Immunology 2004; 25:483­488 Conclusions  •  M. tuberculosis “deliberately” drives immunopathological mechanisms including the Koch  phenomenon  •  Immunity to TB requires IL­12, IFN­g, TNF-a and cytotoxic T cells  •  Many of the T lymphocytes present in lesions are not needed for immunity; they help drive  immunopathology ... Deleting certain genes within M. tuberculosis reduces its ability to drive immunopathology  without affecting bacterial replication in the host  •  Cavities caused by immunopathology open into the bronchi and enable spread by coughing  •  Inappropriate Th2 lymphocyte activity is involved in the immunopathology  •  The presence of inappropriate IL­4 (from Th2 cells) in Th1­mediated granulomata, causes  TNF­a to become toxic and to contribute to immunopathology ... TNF­a to become toxic and to contribute to immunopathology  •  IL­4 also helps to drive the fibrosis which characterises TB (IFN­g inhibits fibrosis)  •  IL­4 downregulates protective macrophage functions  •  There is more IL­4 in TB in countries within 30 degrees North or South of the equator  •  These are the areas where BCG vaccine fails and mortality from TB is high, and background  Th2 responses to mycobacterial antigens are high ...This immunopathology is deliberately triggered by  M. tuberculosis • 90% of the T lymphocytes in the lesions do not need to be  there to control bacterial proliferation.  • These unnecessary T lymphocytes cause immunopathology  • How do they do it ?  TNF­a becomes toxic when IL­4 is present in Balb/c mice  Colony­  forming  units (CFU)  progressive  plateau ... IFN­g + IL­4 1   2   3   4   5   6   7……   Th1  TNF­a  TNF  a ­  • Activation of macrophages  • Infection controlled  Weeks  Th1+ IL­4  • TNF­a becomes toxic  • NECROSIS  • Failure to control bacterial growth  Toxicity of TNF­a;  role of IL­4 ?  TNF­a is toxic in Schistosomiasis and Trichinellosis when IL­4  is present in the Th1­mediated lesions  Ferluga et al (1979) Parasite Immunol 1, 289­294  Wynn, et al., (1995)  Nature 376:594­596 ... Lawrence et al., (1998) Eur. J. Immunol. 28:2672­2684  TNF­a is essential for immunity to human TB,  BUT  TNF­a is toxic in progressive TB. This is opposed by  thalidomide  Moreira et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 177, 1675­1680 The use of IL­4 gene knockout Balb/c mice to look at the role of IL­4 in necrosis and fibrosis in  pulmonary TB  Hernandez­Pando et al  (2004) Eur J Immunol 34, 174­183  • Role of IL­4 in necrosis confirmed  • What about fibrosis ?... cells in health care workers is associated with the subsequent  development of active tuberculosis.  J Infect Dis, 190:756­766.  Beijing strains induce IL­4 in human  monocytes  ……… In vitro infection of monocytes with  Mycobacterium tuberculosis HN878 and related  W/Beijing isolates preferentially induced interleukin­4  (IL­4) and IL­13………… Manca et al. Infect Immun (2004) 72:5511­4  IL­4d2, competitive  antagonist of IL­4 at the IL­4Ra, ... Reduced fibrosis (hydroxyproline) in the lungs of tuberculous mice lacking a functional IL­4 gene  120  IL­4 ­/­  IL  ­  ­  /  IL­4 +/+  IL  ­  100  Collagen (mg)/gm  dry weight of lung  tissue  ***  80  ***  60  *  40  **  20  p . se of the tuberculosis patientfails to eli minate The Th1respon se of the tuberculosis patientfails to eli minate the residualbacteria,sochemotherapymustcontinue6 the residualbacteria,sochemotherapymustcontinue6   12m 12m Chronicskin tube. e?? The problem of The problem of “ “ compliance compliance ” ” . The patientfeelsbettertoosoon! . The patientfeelsbettertoosoon! The Th1respon

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