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Thep athophysiolo gyoftuberculo sis
GrahamRook
CentreforInfectiousDiseaseandInternationalHealth
WindeyerInstitute
Universit yCollegeLondon
g.roo k@ucl.ac.uk
Tube rculosis:backtobasics
Manchester,Thurs18thNovember2004
[...]... Rook GAW, Hernandez Pando R, Dheda K, Seah GT. IL4 in tuberculosis: implications for vaccine design. Trends in Immunology 2004; 25:483488 Conclusions • M. tuberculosis “deliberately” drives immunopathological mechanisms including the Koch phenomenon • Immunity to TB requires IL12, IFNg, TNF-a and cytotoxic T cells • Many ofthe T lymphocytes present in lesions are not needed for immunity; they help drive immunopathology ... Deleting certain genes within M. tuberculosis reduces its ability to drive immunopathology without affecting bacterial replication in the host • Cavities caused by immunopathology open into the bronchi and enable spread by coughing • Inappropriate Th2 lymphocyte activity is involved in the immunopathology • The presence of inappropriate IL4 (from Th2 cells) in Th1mediated granulomata, causes TNFa to become toxic and to contribute to immunopathology ... TNFa to become toxic and to contribute to immunopathology • IL4 also helps to drive the fibrosis which characterises TB (IFNg inhibits fibrosis) • IL4 downregulates protective macrophage functions • There is more IL4 in TB in countries within 30 degrees North or South ofthe equator • These are the areas where BCG vaccine fails and mortality from TB is high, and background Th2 responses to mycobacterial antigens are high ...This immunopathology is deliberately triggered by M. tuberculosis • 90% ofthe T lymphocytes in the lesions do not need to be there to control bacterial proliferation. • These unnecessary T lymphocytes cause immunopathology • How do they do it ? TNFa becomes toxic when IL4 is present in Balb/c mice Colony forming units (CFU) progressive plateau ... IFNg + IL4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7…… Th1 TNFa TNF a • Activation of macrophages • Infection controlled Weeks Th1+ IL4 • TNFa becomes toxic • NECROSIS • Failure to control bacterial growth Toxicity of TNFa; role of IL4 ? TNFa is toxic in Schistosomiasis and Trichinellosis when IL4 is present in the Th1mediated lesions Ferluga et al (1979) Parasite Immunol 1, 289294 Wynn, et al., (1995) Nature 376:594596 ... Lawrence et al., (1998) Eur. J. Immunol. 28:26722684 TNFa is essential for immunity to human TB, BUT TNFa is toxic in progressive TB. This is opposed by thalidomide Moreira et al. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 177, 16751680 The use of IL4 gene knockout Balb/c mice to look at the role of IL4 in necrosis and fibrosis in pulmonary TB HernandezPando et al (2004) Eur J Immunol 34, 174183 • Role of IL4 in necrosis confirmed • What about fibrosis ?... cells in health care workers is associated with the subsequent development of active tuberculosis. J Infect Dis, 190:756766. Beijing strains induce IL4 in human monocytes ……… In vitro infection of monocytes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis HN878 and related W/Beijing isolates preferentially induced interleukin4 (IL4) and IL13………… Manca et al. Infect Immun (2004) 72:55114 IL4d2, competitive antagonist of IL4 at the IL4Ra, ... Reduced fibrosis (hydroxyproline) in the lungs of tuberculous mice lacking a functional IL4 gene 120 IL4 / IL / IL4 +/+ IL 100 Collagen (mg)/gm dry weight of lung tissue *** 80 *** 60 * 40 ** 20 p . se of the tuberculosis patientfails to eli minate
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