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STUDIESOFAMERICANFUNGI,MUSHROOMS,
EDIBLE, POISONOUS, ETC.
by
GEORGE FRANCIS ATKINSON
Professor of Botany in Cornell University, and Botanist of the
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station
Recipes for Cooking Mushrooms, by Mrs. Sarah Tyson Rorer
Chemistry and Toxicology ofMushrooms, by J. F. Clark
With 230 Illustrations from Photographs by the
Author, and Colored Plates by F. R. Rathbun
SECOND EDITION
[Illustration: PLATE 1.
FIG. 1 Amanita muscaria.
FIG. 2 A. frostiana.
Copyright 1900.]
[Illustration: Printer's logo.]
New York
Henry Holt and Company
1903
Copyright, 1900, 1901,
by
Geo. F. Atkinson.
INTRODUCTION.
Since the issue of my "Studies and Illustrations of Mushrooms," as
Bulletins 138 and 168 of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment
Station, there have been so many inquiries for them and for literature
dealing with a larger number of species, it seemed desirable to publish
in book form a selection from the number of illustrations of these
plants which I have accumulated during the past six or seven years. The
selection has been made of those species representing the more important
genera, and also for the purpose of illustrating, as far as possible,
all the genera of agarics found in the United States. This has been
accomplished except in a few cases of the more unimportant ones. There
have been added, also, illustrative genera and species of all the other
orders of the higher fungi, in which are included many of the edible
forms.
The photographs have been made with great care after considerable
experience in determining the best means for reproducing individual,
specific, and generic characters, so important and difficult to preserve
in these plants, and so impossible in many cases to accurately portray
by former methods of illustration.
One is often asked the question: "How do you tell the mushrooms from the
toadstools?" This implies that mushrooms are edible and that toadstools
are poisonous, and this belief is very widespread in the public mind.
The fact is that many of the toadstools are edible, the common belief
that all of them are poisonous being due to unfamiliarity with the
plants or their characteristics.
Some apply the term mushroom to a single species, the one in
cultivation, and which grows also in fields (_Agaricus campestris_), and
call all others toadstools. It is becoming customary with some students
to apply the term mushroom to the entire group of higher fungi to which
the mushroom belongs (_Basidiomycetes_), and toadstool is regarded as a
synonymous term, since there is, strictly speaking, no distinction
between a mushroom and a toadstool. There are, then, edible and
poisonous mushrooms, or edible and poisonous toadstools, as one chooses
to employ the word.
A more pertinent question to ask is how to distinguish the edible from
the poisonous mushrooms. There is no single test or criterion, like the
"silver spoon" test, or the criterion of a scaly cap, or the presence of
a "poison cup" or "death cup," which will serve in all cases to
distinguish the edible from the poisonous. Two plants may possess
identical characters in this respect, i. e., each may have the "death
cup," and one is edible while the other is poisonous, as in _Amanita
cæsarea_, edible, and _A. phalloides_, poisonous. There are additional
characters, however, in these two plants which show that the two differ,
and we recognize them as two different species.
To know several different kinds of edible mushrooms, which occur in
greater or less quantity through the different seasons, would enable
those interested in these plants to provide a palatable food at the
expense only of the time required to collect them. To know several of
the poisonous ones also is important, in order certainly to avoid them.
The purpose of this book is to present the important characters which it
is necessary to observe, in an interesting and intelligible way, to
present life-size photographic reproductions accompanied with plain and
accurate descriptions. By careful observation of the plant, and
comparison with the illustrations and text, one will be able to add many
species to the list of edible ones, where now perhaps is collected "only
the one which is pink underneath." The chapters 17 to 21 should also be
carefully read.
The number of people in America who interest themselves in the
collection of mushrooms for the table is small compared to those in some
European countries. The number, however, is increasing, and if a little
more attention were given to the observation of these plants and the
discrimination of the more common kinds, many persons could add greatly
to the variety of their foods and relishes with comparatively no cost.
The quest for these plants in the fields and woods would also afford a
most delightful and needed recreation to many, and there is no subject
in nature more fascinating to engage one's interest and powers of
observation.
There are also many important problems for the student in this group of
plants. Many of our species and the names of the plants are still in
great confusion, owing to the very careless way in which these plants
have usually been preserved, and the meagerness of recorded observations
on the characters of the fresh plants, or of the different stages of
development. The study has also an important relation to agriculture and
forestry, for there are numerous species which cause decay of valuable
timber, or by causing "heart rot" entail immense losses through the
annual decretion occurring in standing timber.
If this book contributes to the general interest in these plants as
objects of nature worthy of observation, if it succeeds in aiding those
who are seeking information of the edible kinds, and stimulates some
students to undertake the advancement of our knowledge of this group, it
will serve the purpose the author had in mind in its preparation.
I wish here to express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Sarah Tyson Rorer for
her kindness in writing a chapter on recipes for cooking mushrooms,
especially for this book; to Professor I. P. Roberts, Director of the
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, for permission to
use certain of the illustrations (Figs. 1 7, 12 14, 31 43) from
Bulletins 138 and 168, Studies and Illustrations of Mushrooms; to Mr. F.
R. Rathbun, for the charts from which the colored plates were made; to
Mr. J. F. Clark and Mr. H. Hasselbring, for the Chapters on Chemistry
and Toxicology ofMushrooms, and Characters ofMushrooms, to which their
names are appended, and also to Dr. Chas. Peck, of Albany, N. Y., and
Dr. G. Bresadola, of Austria-Hungary, to whom some of the specimens have
been submitted.
GEO. F. ATKINSON,
Ithaca, N. Y., October, 1900.
Cornell University.
SECOND EDITION.
In this edition have been added 10 plates of mushrooms of which I did
not have photographs when the first edition was printed. It was possible
to accomplish this without changing the paging of any of the descriptive
part, so that references to all of the plants in either edition will be
the same.
There are also added a chapter on the "Uses of Mushrooms," and an
extended chapter on the "Cultivation of Mushrooms." This subject I have
been giving some attention to for several years, and in view of the call
for information since the appearance of the first edition, it seemed
well to add this chapter, illustrated by several flashlight photographs.
G. F. A.
September, 1901.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Chapter I. Form and Characters of the Mushrooms, 1
Chapter II. Development of the Mushroom, 5
Chapter III. Gill Bearing Fungi; Agaricaceæ, 17
Chapter IV. The Purple-Brown-Spored Agarics, 18
Chapter V. The Black-Spored Agarics, 32
Chapter VI. The White-Spored Agarics, 52
Chapter VII. The Rosy-Spored Agarics, 138
Chapter VIII. The Ochre-Spored Agarics, 150
Chapter IX. The Tube Bearing Fungi; Polyporaceæ, 171
Chapter X. Hedgehog Fungi; Hydnaceæ, 195
Chapter XI. Coral Fungi; Clavariaceæ, 200
Chapter XII. The Trembling Fungi; Tremellineæ, 204
Chapter XIII. Thelephoraceæ, 208
Chapter XIV. Puff-Balls; Lycoperdaceæ, 209
Chapter XV. Stinkhorn Fungi; Phalloideæ, 213
Chapter XVI. Morels, Cup-Fungi, Helvellas, etc.,
Discomycetes, 216
Chapter XVII. Collection and Preservation of the Fleshy
Fungi, 222
Chapter XVIII. Selection and Preparation of Mushrooms for
the Table, 229
Chapter XIX. Uses ofMushrooms, 231
Fungi in the Arts, 234
Chapter XX. Cultivation ofMushrooms, 237
The Cave Culture of Mushrooms in America, 239
The House Culture ofMushrooms, 241
Curing the Manure, 247
Making up the Beds, 250
What Spawn Is, 255
Spawning the Beds, 263
Chapter XXI. Recipes for Cooking Mushrooms (Mrs. Sarah
Tyson Rorer), 277
Chapter XXII. Chemistry and Toxicology of the Fungi (J. F. 288
Clark),
Chapter XXIII. Description of Terms applied to Certain
Structural Characters of Mushrooms (H.
Hasselbring), 298
APPENDIX. Analytical Keys (The Author), 307
Glossary of Technical Terms (The Author), 313
Index to Genera and Illustrations, 315
Index to Species, 321
CORRECTIONS.
Page 33, 10th line, for [Greek: _kornos_] read [Greek: _kopros_].
Page 220, lines 6 and 9, for _Gyromytra_ read Gyromitra.
CHAPTER I.
FORM AND CHARACTERS OF THE MUSHROOM.
=Value of Form and Characters.= The different kinds of mushrooms vary
in form. Some are quite strikingly different from others, so that no one
would have difficulty in recognizing the difference in shape. For
example, an umbrella-shaped mushroom like the one shown in Fig. 1 or 81
is easily distinguished from a shelving one like that in Fig. 9 or 188.
But in many cases different species vary only slightly in form, so that
it becomes a more or less difficult matter to distinguish them.
In those plants (for the mushroom is a plant) where the different kinds
are nearly alike in form, there are other characters than mere general
form which enable one to tell them apart. These, it is true, require
close observation on our part, as well as some experience in judging of
the value of such characters; the same habit of observation and
discrimination we apply to everyday affairs and to all departments of
knowledge. But so few people give their attention to the discrimination
of these plants that few know the value of their characters, or can even
recognize them.
It is by a study of these especial characters of form peculiar to the
mushrooms that one acquires the power of discrimination among the
different kinds. For this reason one should become familiar with the
parts of the mushroom, as well as those characters and markings peculiar
to them which have been found to stamp them specifically.
=Parts of the Mushroom.= To serve as a means of comparison, the common
pasture mushroom, or cultivated form (_Agaricus campestris_), is first
[...]... side of the button, and from the side of the button down toward the stem to meet them This covers the gills up at an early period [Illustration: FIGURE 6. Agaricus campestris Under view of two plants just after rupture of the veil, fragments of the latter clinging both to margin of the pileus and to stem (Natural size.)] =From the Button Stage to the Mushroom.= If we split several of the buttons of different... the mycelium grows profusely on the surface of doors and wood props Figure 11 is from a flashlight photograph, taken by the writer, of a beautiful growth on the surface of one of the doors in an abandoned coal mine at Wilkesbarre, Pa., during September, 1896 The specimen covered an area eight by ten feet on the surface of the door The illustration shows very well the habit of growth of the mycelium At... piece of white paper It should now be covered securely with a small bell jar, or other vessel, so that no currents of air can get underneath In the course of a few hours myriads of the brown spores will have fallen from the surface of the gills, where they are borne They will pile up in long lines along on either side of all the gills and so give us an impression, or spore print, of the arrangement of. .. from the woods The cause of this turning of the stem from the horizontal position, so that the pileus will be brought parallel with the surface of the earth, is the stimulus from the force of gravity, which has been well demonstrated in the case of the higher plants That is, the force which causes the stems of the higher plants to grow upward also regulates the position of the cap of the pileated fungi... the right for position of the plant after the tree fell (1/6 natural size.)] In the woods, especially in the case of the perennial shelving fungi, interesting cases are met with Figure 15 illustrates one of these peculiar forms of _Polyporus (Fomes) applanatus_ This is the species so often collected as a "curio," and on account of its very white under surface is much used for etching various figures... and double, so that it often appears as two distinct rings on the middle or lower part of the stem as shown in Fig 17 This form of the annulus is probably due to the fact that the thick part of the margin of the pileus during the young stage rests between the lower and upper part of the annulus, i e., the thick veil is attached both to the inner and outer surface of the margin of the cap, and when it... fashion The mycelium in this condition is very soft and perishable It disappears almost at touch On the posts or wood props used to support the rock roof above, the mycelium grows in great profusion also, often covering them with a thick white mantle, or draping them with a fabric of elegant texture From the upper ends of the props it spreads out over the rock roof above for several feet in circumference,... trunk, or other object of support on which it grows Where there is such uniformity in the position of a member or part of a plant under a variety of conditions, it is an indication that there is some underlying cause, and also, what is more important, that this position serves some useful purpose in the life and well being of the plant We may cut the stem of a mushroom, say of the _Agaricus campestris_,... white strands are often clinging to the lower end These strands are often seen by removing some of the earth from the young plant, as shown in Fig 2 This is known among gardeners as "spawn." It is through the growth and increase of this spawn that gardeners propagate the cultivated mushroom Fine specimens of the spawn of the cultivated mushroom can be seen by digging up from a bed a group of very young... [Illustration: FIGURE 7. Agaricus campestris Plant in natural position just after rupture of veil, showing tendency to double annulus on the stem Portions of the veil also dripping from margin of pileus (Natural size.)] =The Color of the Gills.= The color of the gills of the common mushroom varies in different stages of development When very young the gills are white But very soon the gills become pink . STUDIES OF AMERICAN FUNGI, MUSHROOMS,
EDIBLE, POISONOUS, ETC.
by
GEORGE FRANCIS ATKINSON
Professor of Botany in Cornell University, and Botanist of. Toxicology of Mushrooms, and Characters of Mushrooms, to which their
names are appended, and also to Dr. Chas. Peck, of Albany, N. Y., and
Dr. G. Bresadola, of