Tài liệu Long Shot ppt

[...]... projects Long Shot examines historical efforts to develop vaccines for national defense to reveal the factors that drove innovation when financial returns were low but social returns were high v Long s h o t i s d i v i d e d into seven chapters In chapter 1, I chart the rise of disease threats and discuss why certain pathogens threaten national security I outline the strategic value of ˘ Long Shot vaccines... definitions to describe a specific governance structure, research method, and cultural context for research ˘ Long Shot Top-down governance facilitates vaccine development because it allows developers to coordinate activities across a wide range of disÂ� Â� ciplines while maintaining focus on long- term development goals When project directors manage a vaccine across disciplines and deÂ� velopment phases,... smallpox virus outside of the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) This visit led arms control experts to fear that samples of the virus might have escaped to other countries, along with some 12 Long Shot well-trained bioweapons scientists, making it easier for other state and non-state actors to obtain biological weapons By 1995, the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) confirmed... Political scientist Gregory Koblentz provides a taxonomy of state-level threats that places pandemic diseases alongside biological terrorism and dual-use research areas (e.g., genetic engineering and synthetic biology) 26 Within this rubric, intent matters as much as outcome The U.S 16 Long Shot government considers most forms of terrorism a security threat regardless of the means (guns, bombs, or germs)... Biological Warfare Files, Washington, DC Library of Congress, Vannevar Bush Papers, Washington, DC Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joseph Smadel Reading Room Collection, Silver Spring, MD xi Long Shot Introduction A m e r ic a fac e d a hos t of biological threats to health and security at the turn of the twenty-first century Between 1990 and 2009, the United States contended with a foreign... vaccine, for example, has been a top priority for the U.S government since the first Gulf War, but twenty years and over a billion dollars later, the United States still does not have this new vaccine ˘ Long Shot These vaccine development failures are startling The United States was once capable of mounting rapid development campaigns in response to national emergencies World War II–era programs generated... development that has suppressed innovation for the last several decades The landscape for vaccine development has changed irrevocably since the 1970s, and it is neither possible nor desirable to reproduce 10 Long Shot midcentury formulas for success History does, however, offer important lessons for our efforts to rebuild medical countermeasure development capabilities Chapter 7 proposes a new direction for... tinker with push and pull policies (such as research grants or market guarantees) to spur innovation, but they rarely scrutinize the development process itself to address critical obstacles to innovation Long Shot examines the developmental history of vaccines to uncover the conditions that first drove, and later inhibited, vaccine innovation This historical investigation provokes important questions for... known diseases (such as tuberculosis, malaria, and cholera) have spread to new geographic areas since 1973.14 In most cases, these diseases have reemerged in more virulent and drug-resistant forms 14 Long Shot For example, the United States wiped out all cases of domestic malaria in the 1960s, but high rates of immigration and international travel reintroduced the disease, with approximately 1,300 new... seriousness of this problem because widespread errors in official vaccine license records create the false impression that innovation has steadily increased over time These data create support for ˘ Long Shot industrial innovation policies that have not worked well for many vaccines Â� To develop a more accurate picture of innovation patterns, I restored original licenses that had been lost from federal .