(SKKN CHẤT 2020) for young learners as the subjects of the study, it was expected that they would take the advantages of the study they could learn how to improve their skills of public speaking

A INTRODUCTION I Reasons for choosing the topic II Scope of the Study B CONTENT I Literature Review A Public Speaking Definition A History of Public Speaking The Importance of Public Speaking What Are the Problems of Public Speaking? How to Become Better at Public Speaking 5.1 Write an Effective Speech 5.2 Overcome the Fear of Speaking 5.3 Practice the Speech 5.4 Give the Speech Why developing the confidence of public speaking is so important for childre II Public speaking classes at Nghe An Continuing Education Centre A brief overview of Public speaking courses Syllabus for public speaking classes III Games and activities as inputs for public speaking classes Definition of input in second language learning The role of inputs in second language learning Typical games applied for pre-public speaking 3.1 Hidden Object Game 3.2 Jigsaw puzzle game 3.3 Memory game 3.4 Jeopardy 3.5 Crossword 3.6 Riddles 3.7 Catch phrase 3.8 Guessing Game 3.9 Board Game 3.10 Word search 3.11 Hangman Typical activities applied for while-public speaking 4.1 Matching 4.2 Crossword 4.3 Information Gap 4.4 Brainstorming 4.5 Storytelling 4.6 Guided Interviews 4.7 Riddles C CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION REFERENCES INDEX download by : skknchat@gmail.com download by : skknchat@gmail.com A INTRODUCTION I Reasons for choosing the topic Currently, the English language has become popular all over the world, many countries use it as a first language and people use it as a second language in communication In Vietnam, English is seen as a major foreign language today At Nghe An Continuing Education Centre, English is not only taught for language specialized students but also for younglearners of all levels We have recently applied a number of methods and techniques into teaching English in order to improve the quality of teaching and learning English as a Foreign Language Communicative method has proved their superiority as through communicative activities more language are used and students’ initiatives and active involvement are developed It can be said that communicative approach is designed to change the traditional way of presenting and practising language and it helps to shift the teacher-led classroom culture to the students-centred classroom atmosphere Games and communicative activities have widely used in my context (training teachers of English at Nghe An Continuing Education Centre) with the acceptance, eagerness and enthusiasm by teachers and students It, however, is the one requiring much knowledge and preparation as well as physical conditions, and it also requires teachers’ commitment and patience We have been trying to put some of those into practice We have been adapting and designing ourselves a repertoire of communicative activities which have been used and from which students have benefited We would like, in this paper, to introduce these games and activities to you all - teachers of English in a view of sharing experience and seeking for common thoughts to makes a change, however small it is, in teaching and learning English though it is hard work really The games and activities have been used for teaching public speaking and developing language skills and we shall not categorise them as some of them can be used for all about mentioned purposes Some of activities we have adapted from other resources, and others we have designed ourselves Public speaking courses have been successfully organised at Nghe An continuing Education Centre over the last four years A great deal of young learners have been taking part in and quite many of them have made improvement in speaking To improve the students’ effectiveness of learning English and have a good result in teaching public speaking at Nghe An continuing Education Centre, we have followed a number of steps to be able to generate enthusiasm in speaking Once they have gained, know how to make presentation, they will find speaking skill easier download by : skknchat@gmail.com Above all, for teachers, the facilitators will help them be active, creative, feel responsible not only does he teach, moderate, but also inspire young learners In this paper, we would like to give some ideas about how to teach speaking skill effectivelly to help our children feel easier and more confident during their study The paper is divided into three parts: A Introduction B Content C Conclusion and recommendation II Scope of the Study In this writing, we’d like to share our suggestions that we have gathered in our during preparing lessons, on using different kinds of games and communicative activities as inputs to help our young learners practise and develop English public speaking skill The significances of this study were expected to provide some advantages for English teaching and learning process The significances of this study are: For young learners as the subjects of the study, it was expected that they would take the advantages of the study They could learn how to improve their skills of public speaking For the teachers at Nghe An Continuing Education Centre, it was expected that the teachers could improve their technique of speaking interestingly and effectively so that the pupils would enjoy the study download by : skknchat@gmail.com B CONTENT I Literature Review A Public Speaking Definition What is public speaking? Basically, it's a presentation that's given live before an audience Public speeches can cover a wide variety of different topics The goal of the speech may be to educate, entertain, or influence the listeners Often, visual aids in the form of an electronic slideshow are used to supplement the speech and make it more interesting to the listeners A public speaking presentation is different from an online presentation because the online presentation may be viewed or listened to at the viewer's convenience, while a public speech is typically limited to a specific time or place Online presentations are often comprised of slideshows or pre-recorded videos of a speaker There are five elements of public speaking, and it basically boils down to who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effect In other words, who is the source of the message What is the message itself Whom is the audience, while the medium is the actual delivery method and ending in the effect Think of the effect as the speaker's intent for the speech Because public speaking is done before a live audience, there are some special factors the speaker needs to take into consideration We'll touch on those shortly, but first let's take a quick look at the history of public speaking A History of Public Speaking There's a good chance that there's been public speaking, in one form or another, as long as there've been people But most academics and others involved with public speaking, including those at The Public Speaking Project, trace the origins of modern public speaking back to ancient Greece and Rome Of course, those societies didn't have any of the electronic conveniences we've got today to help with public speaking (no slideshows) But they did have a need for public speaking and developed public speaking methods that are still studied today The ancient Greeks, in particular, used public speaking primarily to praise or persuade others At one point, all Greek citizens had the right to suggest or oppose laws during their assemblies, which resulted in a need for skilled public speakers Public speaking became a desirable skill and was taught Public speaking in the time of the Greeks was called rhetoric Later, when Rome came to power, public speaking was used during the sessions of the governing body—the Roman senate The Romans adopted the public speaking rhetoric methods of the Greeks In fact, most public speaking teachers of the time were Greek download by : skknchat@gmail.com If you fast forward to modern times, what was known as the Latin style of public speaking was popular in the U.S and Europe until the mid-20th century After World War II, however, a less formal and more conversational style of speaking started to become popular Also, electronic tools became available to enhance public presentations Towards the end of the 20th century, those electronic tools migrated to the computer and evolved into the computer software tools, such as PowerPoint, that we know and use today Even though today's public speeches are less formal, it's still important that they're well organized More on that later Now let's take a look at the importance of public speaking The Importance of Public Speaking If you ask most people, they'll probably say they don't like public speaking They may even admit to being afraid of it, since fear of public speaking is a very common fear Or they may just be shy or introverted For those reasons, many people avoid public speaking if they can If you're one of those people who avoid public speaking, you're missing out Over the years, public speaking has played a major role in education, government, and business Words have the power to inform, persuade, educate, and even entertain And the spoken word can be even more powerful than the written word in the hands of the right speaker Whether you're a small business owner, a student, or just someone who's passionate about something - you'll benefit if you improve your public speaking skills, both personally and professionally Some benefits to public speaking include: Improves confidence Better research skills Stronger deductive skills Ability to advocate for causes Public speaking is especially important for businesses since they've got a need to get their message before potential customers and market their business Sales people and executives alike are often expected to have good public speaking skills To learn more about some of the benefits of public speaking, review the following article: What Are the Problems of Public Speaking? Even though many people routinely give speeches or presentations for work or school, they may still experience fear at the idea of having to stand in front of others and talk Some speakers can become debilitated by thoughts of what to say, how to keep the audience’s interest and how to calm nerves Much of the download by : skknchat@gmail.com anxiety associated with public speaking can be minimized, however, if you pay attention to overcoming the most common problems of public speaking Lack of Confidence If you don't have confidence in yourself, you'll risk alienating the audience Being obviously nervous is especially problematic because “when we are nervous, listeners are more likely to focus on negative vocal and visual cues,” says author Cheryl Hamilton in “Essentials of Public Speaking.” Allowing time to prepare and practice beforehand helps speakers gain the sense of control necessary for the audience to trust and believe the message Lack of Attention to Audience Make sure you know the audience, or the presentation will be unsuccessful Researching their ages, culture, values and current level of knowledge is essential to shaping the speech’s tone and content Failing to relate the material to the audience, to maintain eye contact and to read their expressions can negatively affect how your speech will be interpreted Explaining how the material benefits listeners personally and using anecdotes attracts the audience’s attention Lack of Organization You can lose credibility by not spending enough time gathering and organizing material Conducting research about the audience, topic and sources are preliminary steps Arrange the information into an attention-getting introduction, craft a paragraph for each of the three most important points, follow them with a conclusion Attempting to speak on the fly invites disaster It's standard practice to create an outline or put information on note cards to refer to as you speak This method helps both the speaker and audience stay on track Lack of Preparedness Practice the speech in full before delivery Saying the words helps speakers hear: where they are rushing words; where to improve word flow and voice intonation; and how to project enthusiasm Using technology or other visuals beforehand makes it possible to catch glitches that could otherwise disrupt the actual speaking event Rehearsal also improves familiarity with the material, enabling speakers to field questions and maintain credibility Lack of Time Management Run through the speech to ensure it meets time requirements Many speakers run overtime because they have not adequately rehearsed and timed the delivery of their material “If you are speaking for 10 minutes, rehearse for about eight,” advise Ronald Adler and Jeanne Elmhorst in their book “Communication at Work: Principles and Practices for Business and Professions” download by : skknchat@gmail.com How to Become Better at Public Speaking Okay, so now that you understand the benefits of public speaking, you might be a little more interested Still, you might think it's not for you Maybe you gave a speech once and it didn't go well Maybe you're afraid of public speaking Or maybe you think you don't have a natural ability for giving speeches The truth is that public speaking is a skill It can be learned While some people may have more natural speaking ability than others, or a more pleasing voice, or are more charismatic-anyone who can speak can learn to be a better public speaker than they are right now It just takes some know-how and some effort To help you become better at public speaking, we'll take a look at these four areas: Writing the speech Overcoming a fear of speaking Practicing the speech Giving the speech 5.1 Write an Effective Speech The first thing you'll want to is work on writing a well- organized, engaging speech Because even if you've got a great speaking voice or a great deal of charisma, you won't give a good speech if your material isn't any good The following tutorials can help you learn to write better speeches: 5.2 Overcome the Fear of Speaking Fear of public speaking is very real and can hold you back if you let it If you don't feel confident when giving your speech, your listeners may pick up on that, making your presentation less effective Fortunately, there are some techniques that'll help most people manage their fear of public speaking and become more confident First, let's tackle fear of public speaking The following tutorials list some techniques you can use to overcome a fear of public speaking: 5.3 Practice the Speech Even if you're not afraid of public speaking, practicing your speech is still an important step to having an effective speech If you're in a rush, you may be tempted to skip practicing your speech to save time While skipping practice may seem like a good idea, it's really not By practicing your speech not only you improve your public speaking skills, but you also increase your familiarity with the presentation—making it more download by : skknchat@gmail.com likely that your speech will go smoothly This tutorial includes a handy checklist to help you practice your speech (and other tips): 5.4 Give the Speech Now that you've written a good speech, feel more confident about public speaking, and have practiced—you're ready to actually give the speech There are some tips and tricks you can use on the day of your speech to make it go more smoothly, though Remember, you're giving a presentation before a live audience at a specific place and time So, you've got some concerns about the speaking venue that those who give online presentations don't have to worry about Some common concerns for public speakers include: Will the audience be able the hear me? Does the venue have the equipment I need? Are there enough seats for all of my listeners? Why developing the confidence of public speaking is so important for children The idea of public speaking is understandably daunting, having to win over a bunch of strangers so it’s no wonder why most people stay away from it However, the unfortunate thing for those individuals is that they miss out on the one skill that can positively change the direction of their journey and impact their success immensely, from securing a job or investors, to increasing sales and building brand awareness There are just countless reasons why you should consider this communication technique and get into public speaking but here are my top 3:  Winning over the crowd Public speaking is a great opportunity to win over a crowd Look at it this way, the crowd you’re speaking to are in fact your potential clients It’s almost a download by : skknchat@gmail.com Example 2: lesson 11 “My house” - Starters level download by : skknchat@gmail.com Example 3: lesson 12 “World wonders” - Ket level download by : skknchat@gmail.com C CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Teaching public speaking is a very important part of second language learning The ability to communicate in a second language clearly and efficiently contributes to the success of the learners in school and success later in every phase of life Therefore, it is essential that language teachers pay great attention to teaching public speaking Rather than leading students to pure memorization, providing a rich environment where meaningful communication takes place is desired With this aim, various public speaking activities such as those listed above can contribute a great deal to students in developing basic skills necessary for public speaking Hopefully these activities make students more active in the learning process and at the same time make their learning more meaningful and fun for them All the above mentioned activities have been used from the fourth course onwards at Nghe An continuing Education Centre, so have the additional visual materials Though not all young learners who have been taking part in public speaking courses are up to our expectation because of mixed classes and big size classes, the number of young learners follow the courses has been increasing year by year According to the statistic from 2016 to 2019 we have taught nearly 300 students After the courses students have made impression by their good presentations in the closing ceremonies which satisfied their parents.We are in a great confidence to confirm that speaking has added up its credits to our young learners’ performance Apart from using these games and communicative activities in teaching public speaking classes to develop learners’ speaking skill as well as their performance, we would like to recommend those applied in teaching other skills such as teaching vocabulary, grammar… and for different kinds of classes not only at our centre but also other schools It’s really an honor for us to share out our ideas and our thought with you All remarks and recommendations will be warmly welcome and hope that we together can get more and more experiences in our teaching Hope you all find they are of some uses and get back to us with any single feedback so that we will be able to perfect them later download by : skknchat@gmail.com REFERENCES Doff,A.(1988).Teacher English - A training Course for Teachers Cambridge University Press Penny Ur.(1996) A course in Language Teaching Cambridge University Press Ron Forseth,Carol Forseth,Ta Tien Hung,Nguyen Van Do.Methodology Handbook for English Teachers in Viet Nam.English Language Institude of America ELTTP Methodology Course Sourses from Internet CAMERON, L 2003 Teaching Languages to Young Learners Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-77434-9 CURTAIN, H A., PESOLA, C A 1988 Languages and Children – Making the Match USA: Addison-WesleyPublishing Company, Inc ISBN 0-201-12290-1 ELLIS, R 1997 Second Language Acquisition Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-437212-X FOSTER-COHEN, S 1999 An Introduction to Child Language Development Essex: Addison Wesley Longman Limited ISBN 0-582-08729-5 GARMAN, M 1991 Psycholinguistics Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-27641-1 HOMOLOVÁ, E 2003 Autentický materiál ako prostriedok rozvoja jazykových a komunikatívnych kompetencií žiakov Banská Bystrica: Univerzita Mateja Bela ISBN 80- 8055-788-8 LIGHTBOWN, P., SPADA, N 1999 How Languages are Learned Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-437000-3 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Sample : Lesson 2: Level: Procedure: Warm-up: (10 minutes) Let class play a game: What animal is this? Divide the class into teams Ask them to look at icebreakers and guess what the animals are Which team can give more correct answers will be the winner Hippo Gorilla Turle Crocodile 52 download by : skknchat@gmail.com Snake Camel Elephant Lesson Activity 1: (15 minutes) Show a cat on the slide, ask the class some questions about it - Look at the picture Ex: - What colour is it? - What the cat’s eyes look like? - What can it do? - What does it like to eat? - Answer the - Is it friendly/ fiece/ gentle ? questions - Do you like cats and why? …………… Then brainstorm on the board: talk about an animal - Look at the ability board and they download by : skknchat@gmail.com may write down appearance animal character its food Activity 2: (10 minutes) Work in pairs Ask and answer Deliver each student a picture of an animal Make questions as many as possible to ask about your friend’s animal Ex: St A: a lion St B: a horse - Work in pairs Where does it live ? Can it run fast ? What does it eat ? Is it small ? - Teacher goes round to check or help pairs if necessary Activity 3: (15 minutes) Prepare for the presentation Students think of an animal they like best and they will talk about it Their talk should be the following format - Work Introduction individually Body Ending Activity 4: (30 minutes) download by : skknchat@gmail.com - It’s time for students to present their favourite animal They have minutes for their presentations - Teacher feedbacks.(10 minutes) Activity 5: (10 minutes) Game: Riddle Present the topic Play the game Now let students think of some riddles about animals They go to the board and read out to class to guess Homework (5 minutes) Practise speaking about the topic and students may record their presentation Sample 2: download by : skknchat@gmail.com Lesson 5: Level: Procedure: Warm-up: (10 minutes) Let class crosswords about sports Divide the pictures to fill in the crosswords and find the hidden words (Key: Do you any sports?) Which team can complete the crosswords and find the hidden words first will be the winners SPORTS Fill in the crossword and find the hidden words 1 1 ? Lesson Activity 1: (10 minutes) Work in pairs c download by : skknchat@gmail.com Give each pair a handout Which equipments these sports need? Match A with B and C A diving boxing cycling volleyball fishing horseriding golf baseball swimming 10 kayaking - Work in pairs download by : skknchat@gmail.com 11 skiing 12 skating 13 football 14 karate 15 basketball 16 tennis Activity 2: (10 minutes) Work in pairs Use the sports in the list to fill in the boxes LIST OF SPORTS Do you want to _ with me? PLAY - Work in pairs baseball basketball cycling dancing diving fishing football hiking hockey download by : skknchat@gmail.com Activity 3: (20 minutes) Work in groups Discoussing - Work in groups Complete the brainstorming and then each group present to the class Where you play? Why is the sport good for you? Who you play with? What equipments you need? Activity 4: (10 minutes) Prepare for the presentation Students think of a sport they like playing and they will talk about it Their talk should be the following format Introduction Body Ending Activity 4: (30 minutes) - It’s time for students to present their favourite sport They have minutes for their presentations - Teacher feedbacks.(10 minutes) Activity 5: (10 minutes) Game: Riddle Now let students think of some riddles about sports They go to the board and read out to class to guess what the sport is Homework (5 minutes) Practise speaking about the topic and students may record their presentation - Present the topic Play the game download by : skknchat@gmail.com download by : skknchat@gmail.com ... advantages for English teaching and learning process The significances of this study are: For young learners as the subjects of the study, it was expected that they would take the advantages of the study. .. study They could learn how to improve their skills of public speaking For the teachers at Nghe An Continuing Education Centre, it was expected that the teachers could improve their technique of speaking. .. let's take a look at the importance of public speaking The Importance of Public Speaking If you ask most people, they' ll probably say they don't like public speaking They may even admit to being