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WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION GROUP Nguyen Hong Tham Duong Duc Manh CONTENT I Lexical gaps II.Denotation and connotation I LEXICAL GAPS What is the lexical gaps ? -A lexical gap, also called accidental gap or lacuna is a fully developed word present in one language that is missing in another The rules of word formation in other languages permit the existence of such words -The rules of word formation in other languages permit the existence of such words For example, teasing someone by tapping the other’s shoulder from behind has no equivalent descriptive word in English However, the Indonesian word for it is ”mencolek.” Often, you can only describe the feeling in English by using several words Types Of Lexical Gaps  Phonological  Morphological  Semantic PHONOLOGICAL A word that could technically be allowed in a phonological system of one language may not present in a phonological gap One example in English is /spr/, which is a consonant cluster that is present in the beginning of words such as spray, spree, spring or sprain The syllable rhyme /ɪk/ is seen in words such as lick, pick, bicker, flicker, bike or sick But you cannot combine the two to form a word that would be pronounced as /sprick/ Phonologically, this is a well-formed word, but it’s a non-existent word in English MORPHOLOGICAL A gap is called morphological if the word is absent even if it can exist based on the morphological rules of the language This can include a word’s affixes In English grammar, you can form deverbal nouns (nouns derived from verbs) by the addition of suffixes such as -(t)ion or -al to some verbs For example, the verb ”recite” can give you ”recitation” and ”recital.” SEMANTIC GAP A semantic gap happens when a specific word has a meaning distinction that can be seen but is missing in the vocabulary To illustrate, some words to describe the family members show specific gender In the same vein, general terms for family members such as parents, child and sibling exist, but there are no corresponding gender-neutral words for the child of siblings or the siblings of parents You have to use gender-based words mentioned above In a semantic gap, some words to describe a dissimilarity in meaning available in other groups of words not exist within the same language For examble, in English there is no singular noun that covers cock, hen and chicken either as rabbit covers buck, doe and leveret rabbit ? buck doe leveret cock hen chicken A female who lost her husband becomes a widow, whereas if it is a male, he is called a widower But if a son or daughter loses a parent, he or she is called an orphan There is no term when parents lose their child Some people make a kissing or squeaking sound by sucking air through their lips in order to call the attention of a child or a pet dog There is no word for it in English but the Samoans called the action ”faamiti.” “To not look” has no single term available in the English language In English, there is no word available to describe the action of looking into the distance, but for the Japanese, it is called ”boketto.” Try to fill in each of the two blanks with an appropriate word to prove that there is no lexical gap in the given semantic fields sheep house stallion male giraffe mare foal giraffe female giraffe ram baby giraff children ewe hogget human men women Fill in the appropriate word and find the words with lexical gaps Number Male Female Neutral grandfather ? grandparent father mother ? son daughter ? ? sister sibling uncle autn ? ? niece nibling ? ? cousin II Denotation and connotation Definition Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word Denotation is when you mean what you say, literally Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."ă For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions." The denotation of a word is the core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary In English, a content word(15) may have its denotation described in terms of a set of semantic features that serve to identify the particular concept associated with the word 1 Definition Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word Denotation is when you mean what you say, literally Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition." For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions." The denotation of a word is the core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary In English, a content word(15) may have its denotation described in terms of a set of semantic features that serve to identify the particular concept associated with the word 2.Connotation Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word Connotation is created when you mean something else, something that might be initially hidden The connotative meaning of a word is based on implication, or shared emotional association with a word Greasy is a completely innocent word: Some things, like car engines, need to be greasy But greasy contains negative associations for most people, whether they are talking about food or about people Often there are many words that denote approximately the same thing, but their connotations are very different Innocent and genuine both denote an absence of corruption, but the connotations of the two words are different: innocent is often associated with a lack of experience, whereas genuine is not Connotations are important in poetry because poets use them to further develop or complicate a poem's meaning The connotation of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning It shows people’s emotions and/or attitudes(16) towards what the word refers to 3.Connotation and Denotation Connotation and Denotation are two principal methods of describing the meanings of words Connotation refers to the wide array of positive and negative associations that most words naturally carry with them, whereas denotation is the precise, literal definition of a word that might be found in a dictionary Connotation and denotation are not two separate things/signs They are two aspects/ elements of a sign, and the connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings] − Connotation represents the various social overtones, cultural implications, or emotional meanings associated with a sign − Denotation represents the explicit or referential meaning of a sign Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the ‘dictionary definition.’ For example, the name ‘Hollywood’ connotes such things as glitz, glamour, tinsel, celebrity, and dreams of stardom In the same time, the name ‘Hollywood’ denotes an area of Los Angeles, worldwide known as the center of the American movie indus  Ex1 Child is denotatively described as [+human], [-mature]and [±male] Under a certain circumstance, child may positively be connoted as [+affectionate] or [+innocent] Under another circumstance, child may negatively be connoted as [+noisy] or [+irritating] Ex2 Woman is denotatively described as [+human], [+mature] and [+female] Under a certain circumstance, woman may positively be connoted as [+devoted] or [+patient] Under another circumstance, woman may negatively be connoted as [+wicked] or [+talkative] The denotation of a word can easily be found in a dictionary while its connotation(s) may probably depend on such factors as (1) the culture in which the word is used; (2) the language user’s family and/or educational background; (3) the language user’s social and/or political class; (4) the language user’s speech community and/or ethnic group; etc In brief, these factors are by virtue of personal and cultural associations Distinction between denotation and connotation CONNOTATION DENOTATION what a lexical item means emotions and/or attitudes towards what a lexical item refers to peripheral core, central social, affective referential - still single after the usual age for marrying bachelor unmarried man - decided by himself to stay single - enjoying freedom, friendship, life, etc - ready for his impending marriage - still single after the usual age for marrying spinster unmarried woman - not decided by herself to stay single - left in an unfavourable state - a symbol for some failure in life the twelfth month December of the year, next after November bad weather (usually rainy or snowy), dark evening, grey sky, slippery streets, holiday season, Christmas, winter break, loneliness, separation from the beloved ... user’s family and/or educational background; (3) the language user’s social and/or political class; (4) the language user’s speech community and/or ethnic group; etc In brief, these factors are by... denotative meaning It shows people’s emotions and/or attitudes(16) towards what the word refers to 3. Connotation and Denotation Connotation and Denotation are two principal methods of describing... mentioned above In a semantic gap, some words to describe a dissimilarity in meaning available in other groups of words not exist within the same language For examble, in English there is no singular