Bài tập 1 môn mạng (1619) Đại học Greenwich năm 2021, tiêu chuẩn Pass. Có các trích dẫn tiêu chuẩn của harvard, nguồn học thuật từ học giả google scholar, books. P1 Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards, P2 Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements, P3 Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types, P4 Discuss the interdependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software. Note: Nếu muốn support C, C#, Networking, Database, project web, 1633, security_zalo 0962.986.805 or fb https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100080073517431
ASSIGNMENT FRONT SHEET Qualification BTEC Level HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Student ID Class Assessor name Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice002E Student’s signature Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D1 Summative Feedback: Resubmission Feedback: 2.1 Grade: Lecturer Signature: Assessor Signature: Date: Contents Introduction P1 Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards Type of networks 1.1 LAN 1.2 MAN 1.3 WAN Protocols: Network standards: Networking Standards Organizations: Around the world, to set standards for the Internet, many organizations have emerged P2 Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements Network Topology Communication and bandwidth requirements: 17 P3 Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types 18 Network devices 18 Server types 21 P4 Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software 24 Workstation hardware 24 Networking Software 25 Interdependence between workstation hardware and networking software 25 Conclusion 26 Reference list 27 Table of Figure Figure 1: Local area network Figure 2: MAN Figure 3: WAN Figure 4: Protocols Figure 5: TCP/IP Figure 6: layers of OSI (https://www.bmc.com/blogs/osi-model-7-layers/) Figure 7: URL of a web Figure 8: DNS Figure 9: Physical topology Figure 10: Bus topology Figure 11: Ring topology Figure 12: Start topology Figure 13: Tree topology Figure 14: Mesh topology (Singh and Ramola, 2014) Figure 15: Star-Ring topology (Hybrid) Figure 16: (a) is Simplex, (b) is Half-duplex, (c) is Full-duplex Figure 17: Bandwidth Figure 18: Repeater Figure 19: Operating principles of a Hub Figure 20: Switch Figure 21: MAC address and Port Figure 22: layers of Router in the OSI Figure 23: Gateway Figure 24: Web Server Figure 25: Operating principles of Email Server Figure 26: DNS server and operating principles Figure 27: DHCP Server and operating principles Figure 28: Workstation Figure 29: Illustration of networking software 4.1 List of Table Table 1: Advantage and disadvantage of TCP/IP Table 2: Compare Physical topology and Logical topology Table 3: Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus Table 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring Table 5: Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Table 6: Advantages and Disadvantages of Tree Table 7: Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh Table 8: Table: Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid 5.1 Introduction Currently, the network is a common utility in life It has a long history of development with diverse models and complex modes of operation In this assignment, the benefits and limitations of network types will be discussed, the concepts of network types, protocols, and network standards will also be introduced and analyzed The impact of network topology will be explained in the next section Here, the concepts, how the network topology works is the main issue, in addition, communication and bandwidth are also explored Part three, the operating principles of network equipment and servers is an important issue Common network devices and some types of Server will be introduced to the concept and how it works The last part will be discussed with the main issue being the interdependence of workstation hardware with network software They will be introduced and analyze the dependence of these two factors P1 Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards Currently, the network has grown and popularized globally It is estimated that there are about billion people using it, which is a huge number It shows the benefits of networking, we have many devices that can connect to the network: PC, laptop, mobile phone, etc These are called terminals or servers (Kurose and Ross, 2017) Type of networks We have a lot of different networks and network standards, I will analyze each of them 1.1 LAN A local area network (LAN) is a network with a relatively small area of coverage It is usually contained within a physical space such as a writing lab, school, or structure Servers and workstations are two types of computers that are connected to the internet Servers are typically not used by humans directly, but instead run in the background to provide "services" to other computers (and their users) on the network Workstations are so named because they are frequently used by users to interact with the network A workstation was once thought to be a desktop computer that included a computer, keyboard, monitor, and mouse (Winkelman,2013) Figure 1: Local area network The nature of a LAN is determined by three factors: Topology: Includes Bus, Tree, Ring, Start, etc Medium Access control (MAC): MAC depends on key parameters, they are Where and How (Pavani, Chandrika and Krishna, 2012) Whether control is centralized or distributed is referred to as Where The topology determines How, which is a trade-off between conflicting criteria such as cost, performance, and complexity Transmission Media: Twisted pair, coax, and fiber optic are the most commonly used types today Advantages: It has the basic benefits of sharing resources, sharing application software, increasing productivity (Pavani, Chandrika and Krishna, 2012) Resource sharing: With network peripherals such as computers, printers are shared with workstations with no hardware requirements This helps businesses reduce costs and at the same time improve productivity at work Standard computer hardware is used for workstations as well as network servers This gives you flexible, easy-to-maintain designs that are efficient Common applications are in transit time for users to various environments The benefit of this is lower costs than the possibility of independent licensing The LAN system allows centralized data storage, providing the ability to share data from a single server system LAN also helps us to support some fault tolerance features It is this that has improved the reliability of users with LAN more It also reduces downtime for businesses The LAN system also provides users with a centralized security, allowing control access to their network systems and resources Depending on user requirements, there are separate data protection policies In addition, the cost of the low conductors also saves money Disadvantages: The biggest disadvantage of this network is that the transmission line is short, can only operate in a certain area, cannot apply the range of kilometers or more Privacy Violations: Each LAN user's personal data files are visible and accessible to the LAN administrator In addition, he has access to the LAN user's computer and internet activity Data Security Threat also is an important problem Maintenance or repair is also very complicated because it requires an administrator of the LAN 1.2 MAN As LAN networks are proving more and more effective, users require a network with greater network speed and range to overcome the disadvantages of LAN MAN network has appeared, it is applied the advancement of fiber optic technology to improve transmission speed (Conti, Gregori and Lenzini, 1997) It’s is a combination of multiple LANs The scope of a MAN can cover an entire province/city and the whole country Alternatively, a large university or company can have such a large network that it can be classified as a MAN And MAN networks often exist to provide connectivity for large corporations Figure 2: MAN Advantages: Service integration is the most prominent feature of MAN networks (Conti, Gregori and Lenzini, 1997) Low cost package transportation service is provided with many different types of traffic, as diverse as calls, videos, etc The facilities are high enough and not too expensive to ensure the quality of the service The ability to connect at high speeds is also a great aspect of this network The speed can be up to 100-155 Mpbs and a large range of 100km, which can serve the direction, state administrative management, information exchange, provision of public administrative services, and commercial development e-commerce, etc Disadvantages: Having an average bandwidth to run applications, e-commerce services, applications in the banking system The wide range of connectivity is also a difficulty of this network The issue of information security is also difficult because of its large scope Along with that is the high cost to build transmission facilities and facilities Compared to LAN, the administration of MAN is also much more complicated because it is basically the aggregation of many LANs 1.3 WAN Individual protocols were split into distinct, "traffic-based" networks in most multiprotocol network settings before to 1980 These networks are wasteful in terms of bandwidth use and inflexible in terms of their ability to be changed in response to changing end-system needs The WAN was created to connect all of the networks, it is the premise of the Internet (Cole and Ramaswamy, 1999) The main protocol used in WAN is TCP/IP protocol The connection line of the WAN network has a bandwidth that varies according to each installation location For example, if installed in a particular area or in a country, the bandwidth of the transmission line varies greatly from 56Kbps to T1 with 1,544 Mbps or E1 with 2,048 Mbps, … and to Gigabit-Gbps, it is the backbone connecting countries or continents Figure 3: WAN Advantages: Scope of connection: Can both connect into a private network and can create large connections, covering an entire country or globally, this is the biggest advantage of WAN that other networks not have, it helps the entire country to be linked together with the ability to transmit a very wide and unlimited connection signal The ability to control user access of this network is also appreciated, IP is often used in this Good security: it's what everyone wants While this is not perfect, it is better than other networks Easy and fast information sharing: We use the same "big system", with a large scale, information and knowledge are shared quickly and effectively We can call it the common human brain Disadvantages: Security: Wide area networks are more vulnerable to security threats than LANs and MANs One of the most significant drawbacks of WANs is security, as various persons can access data from other machines Viruses are a major contributor since they are simple to propagate and infect the user's device High setup costs: Initially, setting up a WAN that covers a broad geographic region is costly It might include the acquisition of routers, switches, and additional security software, among other things Troubleshooting: A WAN spans such a vast geographical region, network troubleshooting is a challenging task The majority of WAN wires are in the water, and if they are broken, the network would be disrupted Repairing the underwater pipes will take a lot of effort WAN maintenance: It is a full-time task that needs significant technical expertise on the part of network supervisors and technicians after it is set up Protocols: A set of standards for exchanging information between two computer systems or two computer devices is called a protocol Protocols are the rules or standards that govern communication (Blank,2002) The main components of a protocol include: data format, encryption method and signal levels The main purpose of the protocol is to communicate between machines, in addition it has several functions such as: Encapsulation, Segmentation and Aggregation, Link Control, Monitoring, Flow Control, Error Control, Synchronize Figure 4: Protocols Network standards: According to Hunt (1998), When computers communicate, a set of rules must be defined to govern their interactions These set of rules are commonly known as protocols in data communication, they must be unified around the world To solve that problem, standard protocols emerged (Hunt, 1998) Advantages Disadvantages Setup and configuration of the network is simple The installation of a second hub When the central hub fails, the entire network comes to standstill a - expands the number of devices Because is that may be connected to the hub When compared to mesh topology, it is less costly It is possible to track down network errors connected to the central hub, more cabling is necessary than in a bus architecture each node Table 6: Advantages and Disadvantages of Tree Mesh: Every node in a well-connected topology is connected to every other node in the network Many redundant links between network nodes connect devices (Singh and Ramola, 2014) Mesh topologies are utilized in crucial host computer connections By employing more than one of the connection pathways available, alternate paths allow each computer to balance the load on other computer systems in the network A fully linked mesh network has no (n-1) /2 physical channels to connect the n devices Every device on the network must have (n-1) input/output ports to accommodate these (Singh and Ramola, 2014) Figure 14: Mesh topology (Singh and Ramola, 2014) 15 Advantages The network traffic can be routed Disadvantages The amount of cabling needed is to another node if the one fails considerable Fault isolation is simple with It is necessary to have a high point-to-point connections number of I/O (input/output) As messages move through a designated lane, privacy between computers is preserved It's a lot easier to figure out what's wrong with your network ports Table 7: Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh Hybrid: A hybrid topology is a network configuration that combines two or more different network topologies Bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree topology are examples of these topologies (Kurose and Ross, 2017) I would recommend the Star-Ring topology: A hybrid topology that combines star and ring topologies is known as a star-ring hybrid topology A ring topology is used to link two or more stars topologies together Figure 15: Star-Ring topology (Hybrid) 16 Advantages If a node fails in the midst of the Disadvantages High complexity due to the need network, it is conceivable that the to combine many topologies damaged node will be disconnected from the remainder of the network and the network processing will be unaffected Apply the advantages of many topologies Easily expandable High flexibility Large construction costs Table 8: Table: Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid Communication and bandwidth requirements: Communication: The sending and receiving of data from sending and receiving sources using transmission protocols is referred to as communication There are three basic types of communication: Simplex, Half-duplex, and full-duplex Simplex is a one-way communication with all time intervals Information can be transmitted from device A to device B at all times but B can only receive and cannot communicate back Halfduplex is the basic form of 2-way communication, both devices can communicate with each other on a channel, but in a certain period of time, only one device will share information Full-duplex is a form of communication on two different channels, both devices can send and receive information at any time (Alani, 2014) Figure 16: (a) is Simplex, (b) is Half-duplex, (c) is Full-duplex It has a few requirements: Sending device, this device initiates the transmission of data and information Receiving device Accepts information or data transmitted to Communication device helps to connect the incoming communication channel to the receiving device Communication equipment is responsible for connecting the sending 17 device to the communication channel Communication channel that plays the main role as a means of transmitting information and data Bandwidth: The ability of a wired or wireless network communication link to transport the most amount of data from one point to another via a network in a given period of time (maybe second) is known as bandwidth The data transfer rate is described by bandwidth, which is synonymous with capacity In general, it is the maximum possible rate of data transmission over a decent channel (Alani, 2014) Figure 17: Bandwidth Requirements: Local internet availability Throughput Expected average load Anticipated peak load Cost constraints P3 Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types I will discuss the working principle of network devices (Router, Switch, etc.) and servers (Web, email, DNS, etc.) Network devices Repeater: Network repeaters are tiny devices that accept electrical, wireless, and optical signals and retransmit them to locations where Ethernet and Wi-Fi data transmission are not possible (Burgess, 2004) Figure 18: Repeater 18 Operating principles of a Repeater: They copy, amplify, and recover the informationcarrying signal on the transmission line with the condition that the two parts of the network must be the same in terms of protocol and transmission Hub: A hub is a compact, rectangular, low-cost device that connects many networked devices together The goal of a hub is to create a single network segment where all devices may connect with one another directly (Burgess, 2004) Operating principles of a Hub: Machine A transmits data to Hub, which will distribute it to all machines in the network Figure 19: Operating principles of a Hub Switch: A switch is a hardware device that filters and forwards network packets It accepts and resends packets delivered by devices connected to its physical ports, but only through ports to devices to whom the project has packet access (Burgess, 2004) It doesn't like Hub, Switch only transfers data to specific port Operating principles of a Switch: When a device is connected to a switch, the switch saves its media access control (MAC) address, which is a code injected into the device's network interface card (NIC) through an ethernet connection, Figure 20: Switch connected to the switch The MAC address is used by the switch to determine where the associated device's outgoing packets originate and where they are sent When one device sends a packet to another, it goes into the switch, and the switch reads its headers to determine what to 19 Figure 21: MAC address and Port For example: A device A with a MAC of M1 when participating will be matched with the number M1 to enter the corresponding port, which is Port P1 Router: A router is a device which connects physical or virtual network device, analyzes, and forwards data packets between computer networks A router looks at a data packet's destination IP address and utilizes headers and forwarding tables to figure out the best method to send the packets (Burgess, 2004) It works up to the 3rd layer of OSI: Physical, Data link and Network layer Operating principles of a router: The destination IP address of a packet's header is parsed by a router and compared to the routing table to determine the packet's next path A collection of routing tables that describe how to send data to a given network destination They use a set of criteria to determine the most efficient way to transmit traffic to a specific IP address Figure 22: layers of Router in the OSI Gateway: A gateway is a computer network node that serves as a critical stopover point for data on its way to or from other networks (gate) It can operate at all layer of OSI model (Kurose and Ross, 2017) Operating principles of a gateway: A gateway is simply a physical place where data stops being transported or read/used It connects the terminal to the server 20 Figure 23: Gateway Server types A server is simply understood as a device that provides services to other users and computers Web Server: Web server is a computer whose main function is to manage one or many webs, it has all the data of that web and is capable of reading many types of files Web server is connected to all user's network, the size of Web server will depend on the website it is managing, it can include hardware and software or either (Yeager and McGrath, 1996) Figure 24: Web Server Operating principles: Its main role is to store and distribute data to users Whenever a user needs a file stored on the server, that computer sends a request for that file via HTTP When the request reaches the correct server, HTTP sends the requested document back through HTTP 21 Email Server: Email Server is a server of email, it is used to send and receive mail Businesses often use it to send and receive mail internally because of its high security and good performance It also solves many other problems (Eads, 1999) Figure 25: Operating principles of Email Server Operating principles: Email Server has the right to manage the entire account of the system to perform the function of sending and distributing mail The basic process is done through steps: • Connect to SMTP server: Provide information to SMTP Server • Handling the recipient's domain: SMTP determines the recipient's domain (IP) and decides the next course of action • Identify the recipient's IP: Find the recipient's IP • Email transfer 22 DNS Server: As we all know, each device has an IP address, to skip remembering the IP, we use the domain name DNS Server has the function of translating domain names into IPs (Kurose and Ross, 2017) Figure 26: DNS server and operating principles Operating principles: There are servers involved in the translation of a domain: • • • • Recursive DNS: a server that receives requests from clients via programs like web browsers Root Name Servers: Resolves servers that are used as a pointer to more specific destinations Nameservers TLD: Specifies the hostname For example: assignment.com, the TLD is "com" Authoritative Name Server: This is the final step, it will return the IP to the requested (accessed) server DHCP Server: The DHCP Server has the main function of assigning an IP address to each new connection joining the network, in addition, it also configures other network information automatically (Droms, 1993) Operating principles: DHCP Server uses a client and server model, when a client sends a join request, the server obtains an IP address from its repository and grants it to the client so that this client can communicate 23 Figure 27: DHCP Server and operating principles P4 Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software First of all, I will explain the phrase "Interdependence" It means: There are parts, both of these parts are important but they must work together to create a success, if one of them is missing, the process will fail For example, I have manufacturing company (B) and one company selling products (C) B produces and sells to C, which buys and sells products to the market These two companies have a partnership If they separate, B will not be able to sell products, C will have no products to sell Only when they cooperate will they benefit, if they separate, they will be disadvantaged It is interdependence Workstation hardware and network software are also interdependent I will introduce and analyze each part Workstation hardware A workstation is a computer designed for a larger use than a personal computer, which is like a combination of a personal computer and a server RAM is a secondary storage device, it appears in all types of computers The system will temporarily store information on it, information here can be transferred, saved or deleted CPU is the processor, for the network, it has the function of input and output data, perform logic Figure 28: Workstation 24 ROM is fixed memory, it remembers the stored and available data of the workstation Acting as an interface at the TCP/IP layer, the NIC card can transmit signals at the physical layer and deliver data packets at the network layer Regardless of which layer the network interface controller is located, it acts as a middleman between the computer/server and the data network To develop workstations, these hardware must be supported by network software to make full use of them Without network software, the hardware can only function in the workstation, which wastes resources Networking Software Network software is the basic foundation of any network, it's based on devices like routers, switches, etc The basic function is data management, distribution, and data access Figure 29: Illustration of networking software OS is a piece of software, it monitors all hardware and network activities of the computer It is built as an automatic administrator, it is like a camera to monitor network activity, ensuring the security of the system Web server and Client are a special link Network software will play the role of communication between these two objects For the Client, through the protocol, its data access request will be routed to the Web Server which will return access or data to the Client This path must pass through many layers such as the physical layer For network software to work and provide services to users, workstation hardware is a must-have device to process, transmit, and store data Interdependence between workstation hardware and networking software Workstation hardware and network software have been explained above So how are they interdependent? - As for the workstation hardware, they cannot work independently, they must work under the supervision of the network software to give the next target 25 For networking software, the data must be passed through the processors as well as stored to be transmitted to the correct destination address For example, RAM will be the place where buffer memory is allocated to store information, data is about to be transferred, without it, the data will not have a storage location, if using ROM, it will waste resources, The CPU will help process and choose the path for information On the other hand, the devices of the network software will the job of helping the data to be delivered to the correct destination by means of a protocol Conclusion In this assignment, four main parts have been clearly analyzed In P1, network types (LAN, WAN, LAN) were introduced and pointed out their advantages and disadvantages, the protocol is also good if the concept, network standards such as TCP/IP or OSI is an important thing already mentioned, in addition, standards organizations also appear Physical and logical topologies are introduced and compared in P2 Here, protocol types such as Bus, Start, Ring, Mesh, Tree and Hybrid have been pointed out and clearly analyzed advantages and disadvantages for users and networks Several types of communication are also introduced along with bandwidth In the next section, Network devices (repeater, hub, switch, router, gateway) are clarified how they work and how they work The same goes for Server types (Web, Email, DHCP, DNS Server) Finally, the workstation hardware and network software were introduced and the dependencies between them clarified This assignment has clarified some basic and important issues in networking, they have been introduced, analyzed, evaluated and compared visually 26 Reference list Kurose, J and Ross, K., 2017 Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach 7th ed Pearson Education, Inc, p.23-130 Winkelman, R., 2013 What is a network [online] Fcit Available at: [Accessed 11 August 2021] Pavani, V., Chandrika, I and Krishna, A., 2012 Local Area Network (LAN) Technologies IJITEE, 1(6), pp.70-71 Conti, M., Gregori, E and Lenzini, L., 1997 1st ed Springer-Verlag London, p.1 Cole, R and Ramaswamy, R., 1999 Wide-Area Data Network Performance Engineering 1st ed Artech House, pp.1,2 Hunt, C., 1998 TCP/IP Network Administration 2nd ed O'Reilly Media, p.5 Liu, C., Albitz, P and Loukides, M., 1998 DNS and BIND 3rd ed O'Reilly Media, p.82 StudyMoose (2016) Networking Standard Organizations [Online] Available at: https://studymoose.com/networking-standard-organizations-essay [Accessed: 15 Aug 2021] Singh, V and Ramola, J., 2014 Computer Network Topology International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 2(XI), pp.384-388 10 Blank, A., 2002 TCP/IP JumpStart: Internet Protocol Basics 2nd ed Sybex, p.5 11 Burgess, M., 2004 Principles of network and system administration 2nd ed Wiley, pp.12,46,50 12 Alani, M., 2014 Guide to OSI and TCP/IP Models Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp.2-3 13 Yeager, N and McGrath, R., 1996 Web Server Technology Morgan Kaufmann, p.22 14 Droms, R., 1993 Interoperation between DHCP and BOOTP Request For Comments 1534, p.1 15 Eads, B., 1999 Developing a High Assurance Multilevel Mail Server Monterey, California Naval Postgraduate School, pp.20-25 27 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Index of comments 2.1 General academic report structure is recognized Headings, paragraphs, subsections, and illustrations are ok P1: Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards You wrote the concept of computer network You discussed the benefits and constraints of LAN, MAN, WAN You introduced network standard including TCP/IP, OSI model You listed networking organizations: ITU-T, IEEE, EIA P2 Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements You presented the concept of network topology You discussed network topology including Bus, Ring, Star, Tree, Mesh, and Hybrid Your introduced communication and bandwidth requirements P3: Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types You described network devices: Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway You mentioned different server types such as Web server, Email server, DNS server, FTP server P4 Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software You mentioned workstation hardware, networking software You did discuss the interdependence of workstation hardware with networking software M1 Compare common networking principles and how protocols enable the effectiveness of networked systems You did not answer this learning outcome M2 Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimisation You did not respond to the criteria D1 Considering a given scenario, identify the topology protocol selected for the efficient utilisation of a networking system You did not write about these criteria Recommendation: Many references come from Internet websites References should come from books and scientific papers Different fonts or font sizes were used Conclusion: P1, P2, P3, P4 - Pass M1, M2 - Failed D1 - Failed Overall : Pass 4.1 Table of figures must include page numbers 5.1 List of table must include page numbers 16.1 Try to write in academic way Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)