Tài liệu Grammar for everyone part 9 ppt

A Compare this with the continuous form in which the action of the verb is still going on. Thus: I was cooking, I am cooking, I shall be cooking The ‘ing’ ending conveys continuity, but the sense is not complete without the addition of a ‘helper’ or auxiliary verb (see pages 49–52). 3.3 Activities: simple and continuous verbs 1. Provide a scenario, such as: ‘My brother is looking for a job …’ Each student in turn takes the part of the brother. The others ask him what he can do. He acts out one thing that he can do for the others to guess, for example: a. Load a truck b. Fill ice-cream cones 2. Students change tenses by filling in the spaces: Past Present Future a. I shivered I . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . b. . . . . . . . . . . Jack leaves . . . . . . . . . . c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . will break d. I did not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . who will work? 3. Students now fill in the tense tables. A sample table of tenses Singular Past Present Future 1st person I gave I give I shall/will give 2nd person You gave You give You will give 3rd person He/she gave He/she gives He/she will give 46 G rA MMA r for e Ve rY on e A Plural 1st person We gave We give We shall/will give 2nd person You gave You give You will give 3rd person They gave They give They will give a. Students complete the table with the verb ‘to sing’. Singular Past Present Future 1st person I shall 2nd person 3rd person He Plural 1st person 2nd person You 3rd person A sample table of tenses for an irregular verb Singular Past Present Future 1st person I was I am I shall/will be 2nd person You were You are You will be 3rd person He/she was He/she is He/she will be Plural 1st person We were We are We shall/will be 2nd person You were You are You will be 3rd person They were They are They will be 47 V er bs A b. Students complete the table with the verb ‘to go’. Singular Past Present Future 1st person 2nd person 3rd person He Plural 1st person We shall 2nd person 3rd person They A sample table of continuous tenses using the present participle Singular Past Present Future 1st person I was speaking I am speaking I shall/will be speaking 2nd person We were speaking You are speaking You will be speaking 3rd person He/she/it was speaking He/she/it is speaking He/she/it will be speaking Plural 1st person We were speaking We are speaking We shall/will be speaking 2nd person You were speaking You are speaking You will be speaking 3rd person They were speaking They are speaking They will be speaking 48 G rA MMA r for e Ve rY on e A c. Students complete the table with the verb ‘to achieve’. Singular Past Present Future 1st person I was 2nd person You are 3rd person Plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person They will be Auxiliary (helper) verbs Definition: The word ‘auxiliary’ is formed from the Latin auxilium meaning ‘help’, and in grammar it refers to certain verbs that are used to form tenses. The main ‘helpers’ are taken from forms of the verbs ‘to be’ and ‘to have’. Most native English speakers have little difficulty with using these forms according to the language that they hear round about them. They do need explanation, however, and ESL students will need more practice. Singular Plural I am We are You are You are He is They are 49 V er bs A We need to remember that these forms can be made more tricky to recognise by the contractions which are common in everyday speech, but not always fully understood. (See contractions on page 80.) For example: I’ll do it – meaning I shall do it. He won’t do it – meaning he will not do it. Similarly, we need to explain that the auxiliary verb can be separated from the main verb. For example: We are definitely going – are going is the verb. Also, when we ask a question we turn the verb around and place the pronoun in between. For example: Statement: He was telling that funny joke. Question: Was he telling that funny joke? Other auxiliary verbs indicate uncertainty and help take on the role of the subjunctive (see page 146). These need just to be recognised as verb parts at the earlier stage and will be recognised through practice. They are can, could, has, have, may, might, shall, should, will, would and must. For example: You must wipe your shoes when you come in. Rover would not swallow his pill. 3.4 Activities: auxiliaries 1. Students take turns to act or mime an activity. The others guess what they are doing. They give their guesses in the continuous tense, for example: 50 G rA MMA r for e Ve rY on e A The student acts/mimes drying dishes. The others raise their hands for one to answer. He/she is drying dishes. 2. Students are provided with pictures showing various people doing things, such as working inside a shop, in the market place, in the park etc. and they say in turn what each is doing, using the continuous tense. This activity can also be done in writing and is very useful for ESL students of any age. 3. Students pick out/mark verbs in a given passage, or in sentences. They must include the auxiliary parts of the verbs. I would like to have a party for my birthday but Dad has arranged a meeting on that day and my brother will be at soccer practice. I could perhaps make it next week, but that is too soon and I would have no time to send the invitations. I must decide quickly so I can start planning. I do hope you can come. 4. Students are provided with a list of verbs in simple tense and they add the corresponding continuous tense. Again this can be done orally, on the board or in writing, for example: hop, hopping If done as a writing exercise, check the spellings, particularly the doubling of consonants after the short vowel. a. stay b. grip c. enjoy d. enter e. forgive f. wait g. behead h. die 51 V er bs C A i. agree j. measure 5. Students now fill in the charts on pages 47–49. Other verbs can be substituted for those given in the previous exercise, especially prac- tising any that give trouble, either with spelling or tense form. Checklist: verbs Students should now be able to: • define the term verb clearly and accurately • explain the term tense and classify past, present and future • give the past, present and future form of a common noun • explain the terms finite and infinite/non-finite with examples • supply a subject for a given verb form • correctly select a verb in a given sentence, recognising a verb in two parts, i.e. he will laugh • give examples of the present tense used to indicate habitual action • complete a tense table using a common verb • explain the difference between a simple and continuous tense • change a verb from simple to continuous tense and vice versa • correctly name the tense of given verbs 52 G rA MMA r for e Ve rY on e . turn takes the part of the brother. The others ask him what he can do. He acts out one thing that he can do for the others to guess, for example: a The word ‘auxiliary’ is formed from the Latin auxilium meaning ‘help’, and in grammar it refers to certain verbs that are used to form tenses. The main