Tài liệu Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT part 31 pptx

Speaking Task Six - 289 ETS recycles the same testing methods throughout the speaking and writing sections. Because ETS recycles the same testing methods, they are predictable. Because they are predictable, you can apply G+3TiC=C and its variations (G+TiC, G+TiC=C, G+2TiC=C) to all six speaking tasks and to both writing tasks. By doing so, you will demonstrate OPDUL=C for all eight tasks. When developing and delivering a response for this task, use G+3TiC=C and the following five steps to demonstrate OPDUL=C in your response. First, the narrator will give instructions. As the narrator gives instructions, make a note map. Because time is limited, simply number each body paragraph instead of writing TiC . Use transitions of addition when connecting each body paragraph when you speak. G 1 first 2 next 3 also C Narrator: For this task, you will listen to a lecture on an academic topic. After you listen to the lecture, you will summarize the main points. You will have 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak. Remember! Developing a Response: Step-by-Step Make a G+3TiC=C note map. Step #1 Remember! 290 - Speaking Task Six x When the narrator is finished, you will listen to the lecture. Read along as you listen to a sample lecture. Animal behavior can be classified according to the time of day an animal is active. Animals, such as horses, elephants and most birds, are said to be diurnal because they are active during the day and rest at night. Those animals active at dawn and dusk are said to be crepuscular. Beetles, skunks and rabbits fall into this category. The third group are those animals that sleep during the day and are active at night. They are called nocturnal. A good example is the bat. Bats have highly developed eyesight, hearing and smell. This helps them avoid predators and locate food. Being nocturnal also helps them avoid high temperatures during the day, especially in deserts where temperatures can reach well over one hundred degrees Fahrenheit. There are two types of bat: micro bats, or true bats, and mega bats, also called fruit bats. Let’s start with mega bats. Size wise, mega bats range from two to sixteen inches in length. Mega bats have extremely sensitive sight and smell. This helps them locate the flowers and fruit upon which they feed. It is while eating that mega bats play an important role in the distribution of plants. Like bees, mega bats serve as pollinators. When they lick nectar or eat flowers, their bodies become covered in pollen which they, in turn, carry to other trees and plants thereby acting as pollinators. In fact, many of the fruits and vegetables on our tables, such as bananas and peaches, would not be there if mega bats did not pollinate plants and trees. Next are micro bats. As the name implies, micro bats are quite small, about the size of a mouse. To find food, micro bats use echolocation, high frequency sounds they bounce off insects. The most common micro bat is the vesper or evening bat. Like mega bats, micro bats play an important role in the environment. The average vesper bat, for example, can eat one thousand mosquitoes in one night. By doing so, they control the mosquito population. CD Track 31 Listen to the lecture (2-3 minutes). Step #2 Speaking Task Six - 291 Identifying and summarizing the premise is your first task. The premise will be stated in the topic sentence. The premise will be expressed using a rhetorical strategy. For example, a date in the premise will signal the rhetorical strategy of narration. Narration, in turn, will signal the start of a general description of an historical person or event, for example: In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin and revolutionized the cotton industry in the American south. The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of process. Extracting DNA from old bones is a complicated and time-consuming process. First, you must… The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of description. The biggest great white shark ever caught was 21.3 feet long and weighed over 7,000 pounds. The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of cause-and-effect. Exercising reduces stress. The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of compare-and-contrast. In the mid-nineteenth century, two diametrically opposite art movements emerged: Impressionism in France and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in England. The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of definition. The TOEFL iBT is an English language proficiency test. The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of classification, as does the premise in the topic sentence in the sample lecture. After you identify the main topic, summarize it on your note map. To summarize means to identify and generally describe the main points. The main points are the premise and, in this example, a general description of each animal classification. Animal behavior can be classified according to the time of day an animal is active. Animals, such as horses, elephants and most birds, are said to be diurnal because… Identifying the Main Topic 292 - Speaking Task Six x The premise (general) will be followed by supporting illustrations (specific) identified by transitional signal words or topic nouns . transition G animal behavior classified according to time of day day is diurnal – eat during day, sleep at night, humans horses, elephants twilight is crepuscular – active dawn and dusk, beetles, rabbits, skunks night is nocturnal – sleep during day, active at night Animal behavior can be classified according to the time of day an animal is active. Animals, such as horses, elephants and most birds, are said to be diurnal because they are active during the day and rest at night. Those animals active at dawn and dusk are said to be crepuscular. Beetles, skunks and rabbits fall into this category. The third group are those animals that sleep during the day and are active at night. They are called nocturnal. A good example is the bat. Bats have highly developed eyesight, hearing and smell. This helps them avoid predators and locate food. Being nocturnal also helps them avoid high temperatures during the day, especially in deserts where temperatures can reach well over one hundred degrees Fahrenheit. There are two types of bat: micro bats, or true bats, and mega bats, also called fruit bats. Let’s start with mega bats. Size wise, mega bats range from two to sixteen inches in length. Mega bats have extremely sensitive sight and smell. This helps them locate the flowers and fruit upon which they feed. It is while eating that mega bats play a important role in the distribution of plants. Like bees, mega bats serve as pollinators. When they lick nectar or eat flowers, their bodies become covered in pollen which they, in turn, carry to other trees and plants thereby acting as pollinators. In fact, many of the fruits and vegetables on our tables, such as bananas and peaches, would not be there if mega bats did not pollinate plants and trees. (continued on the next page) General to Specific Speaking Task Six - 293 In this lecture, notice how the general “nocturnal animal” transitions into the specific “the bat”, which is divided (classified) into two specific sub groups. The sub groups are the supporting illustrations (2TiC). They, in turn, develop the topic “nocturnal animal.” This demonstrates organization (O PDUL=C), progression (OP DUL=C), topical unity-synthesis (OPDUL=C), and coherence (OPDUL=C). Next, summarize the supporting illustrations and conclusion. Notice the transitions of contrast (T iC) and the cause-and-effect relationship (TiC) in each body paragraph. 1 first mega bats, 2 - 16 inches good eyesight and smell, helps bat find food = flowers and fruit like bees mega bats pollinate plants + tree good for environment, we get peaches, bananas 2 next micro bats, size of mouse use echolocation to find food = insects micro bats eat 1,000 mosquitoes a night good for controlling mosquitoes 3 also C These examples add to and support the reading nocturnal animal micro bat the bat mega bat Next are micro bats. As the name implies, micro bats are quite small, about the size of a mouse. To find food, micro bats use echolocation, high frequency sounds they bounce off insects. The most common micro bat is the vesper or evening bat. Like mega bats, micro bats play an important role in the environment. The average vesper bat, for example, can eat one thousand mosquitoes in one night. By doing so, they control the mosquito population. 294 - Speaking Task Six x Does the lecture always develop the premise with two supporting illustrations? The number of supporting illustrations depends on the premise of the lecture, and the rhetorical strategy used to define and develop the premise. That said, there could be one, two, or three supporting illustrations. A lecture that might use three examples might define the premise using the rhetorical strategy of description, for example: Early in his career, Picasso moved through three stylistic periods: Blue, Rose, and African. In this example, each of Picasso’s three artistic periods can be developed into a body paragraph. A lecture that uses process to define the premise could also give three supporting examples (3TiC), for example: The traditional way to write an essay is a three-step process: brainstorming, writing, revising. In this example, each step in the writing process would be a supporting illustration. In the next example, the premise is defined by the rhetorical strategies of classification, illustration, process, and cause-and-effect. The psychologist Abraham Maslow believed that humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs. According to Maslow, we all have general needs, such as physiological, survival and love. As we satisfy each need, Maslow claims we are moving toward greater self-actualization. In this example, you might be asked to summarize how each need (classification-illustration) helps us move (process) “toward greater self- actualization” (cause-effect). The structure of the lecture progresses from general to specific regardless of the topic or the number of supporting illustrations. add to + support Q A Remember! general = premise specific = examples Speaking Task Six - 295 When the lecture ends, it will leave your screen. You cannot replay it. The lecture will be replaced by the prompt. The narrator will read it. The prompt for this task can be phrased many different ways, for example: Translated, these three prompts all mean: After the narrator reads the prompt, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response. The countdown clock will countdown (20, 19, 18…). Prompt The lecture illustrates how animal behavior is classified. Show how the information in the lecture supports this classification. Prompt According to the lecture, bats are a critical part of the environment. How do the examples in the lecture develop and illustrate this point? Prompt Identify and summarize the main topic in the lecture and show how that topic is developed and supported by specific examples. Read the prompt; prepare your response (20 seconds). Step #3 Remember! Prompt Summarize the main points in the lecture and show how bats are an important part of the environment. Prepare your response (20 seconds). Step #4 296 - Speaking Task Six x When the countdown clock reaches zero, you will hear a “Beep!” Look at your note map. Start speaking. general summary transition specific summary specific summary conclusion The reading classifies animal behavior three ways. Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep at night. Crepuscular animals are active at dawn and dusk. Nocturnal animals hunt at night and rest during the day. An example of a nocturnal animal is the bat. The lecture says there are two kinds of bats: mega bats and micro bats. First are mega bats. They eat fruit and flowers. As they eat, seeds fall to the forest floor. This is good for the environment because new trees grow. Mega bats also pollinate. When they eat, their bodies get covered with pollen which they carry to other flowers. The lecture says without mega bats pollinating, we would not have peaches or bananas. Next are micro bats. They use echolocation to find insects. A micro bat can eat 1,000 mosquitoes a night. This controls mosquitoes and is good for the environment. These examples illustrate how bats are an important part of the environment. Speak (60 seconds). Step #5 Prompt Summarize the main points in the lecture and show how bats are an important part of the environment. Speaking Task Six - 297 Mapped out, you can see how G+2TiC=C gives the speaking raters what they are trained to listen for: a coherent integrated spoken response that demonstrates OPDUL=C . Note: Transitions (T) are in bold, the supporting illustration (i) in italics, the premise (G) and the conclusions (C) underlined . G = general = The reading classifies animal behavior three ways. Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep at night. Crepuscular animals are active at dawn and dusk. Nocturnal animals hunt at night and rest during the day. An example of a nocturnal animal is the bat. general = The lecture says there are two kinds of bats: mega bats and micro bats. TiC = specific = First are mega bats. They eat fruit and flowers. As they eat, seeds fall to the forest floor. This is good for the environment because new trees grow. Mega bats also pollinate. When they eat, their bodies get covered with pollen which they carry to other flowers. The lecture says without mega bats pollinating, we would not have peaches or bananas. TiC = specific = Next are micro bats. They use echolocation to find insects. A micro bat can eat 1,000 mosquitoes a night. This controls mosquitoes and is good for the environment. C = general = These examples illustrate how bats are an important part of the environment. The following map illustrates approximate time divisions for each step of this task. Remember: You are reading the example. On test day, you will pause and hesitate when you speak thus use more time. G 15 seconds The reading classifies animal behavior three ways. Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep at night. Crepuscular animals are active at dawn and dusk. Nocturnal animals hunt at night and rest during the day. An example of a nocturnal animal is the bat. The lecture says there are two kinds of bats: mega bats and micro bats. How Long Should My Response Be? 298 - Speaking Task Six x TiC 40 seconds First are mega bats. They eat fruit and flowers. As they eat, seeds fall to the forest floor. This is good for the environment because new trees grow. Mega bats also pollinate. When they eat, their bodies get covered with pollen which they carry to other flowers. The lecture says without mega bats pollinating, we would not have peaches or bananas. TiC Next are micro bats. They use echolocation to find insects. A micro bat can eat 1,000 mosquitoes a night. This controls mosquitoes and is good for the environment. C 5 seconds These examples illustrate how bats are an important part of the environment. Next, check the sample response for OPDUL=C. Does the response demonstrate organization? The speaker uses deduction as a method of summarizing the main points in the lecture. This demonstrates organization. Yes √ No _ Does the response demonstrate progression? Because the speaker is using deduction, the response progresses from general to specific. This demonstrates progression. Yes √ No _ a. Does the introduction demonstrate development-summarization? The speaker has summarized the general classification of animal behavior, and under which classifications bats fall. This demonstrates introduction development-summarization. Yes √ No _ b. Does the body demonstrate development-summarization? The speaker has summarized two specific types of bat and illustrated how they are good for the environment. This demonstrates body development- summarization. Yes √ No _ c. Does the conclusion demonstrate development-summarization? The speaker concludes by summarizing how bats are good for the environment. Yes √ No _ a. Does the response demonstrate topical unity-synthesis? The speaker focuses on animal classification in general and two types of bat in specific with no topic digressions. This demonstrates topical unity- synthesis. Yes √ No _ O P D U . mega bats and micro bats. First are mega bats. They eat fruit and flowers. As they eat, seeds fall to the forest floor. This is good for the environment. Speaking Task Six - 289 ETS recycles the same testing methods throughout the speaking and writing sections. Because ETS recycles the same testing