Effects of climate change on water resources in the mekong delta, vietnam

VSB – TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF OSTRAVA FACULTY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY P H D THESIS EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM Author: Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi Supervisor: Prof Miroslav Kyncl Ostrava, April 2018 i Abstract The Mekong Delta is located at the end of the Mekong River downstream, right before the river discharges itself into the East Sea and partly into the Gulf of Thailand This is a low and flat land, with an average elevation of 1-2 m above sea level and deposited by the silt of the Mekong River The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, by analyzing and predicting the impacts of the rise of sea level, has recognized three deltas to be classified as extremely endangered due to climate change: (1) the Mekong River downstream areas (Vietnam); (2) the Ganges - Brahmaputra River (Bangladesh); and (3) the Nile (Egypt) The World Bank study also shows that Vietnam is among the top countries most affected by climate change In Vietnam, the two flatlands of Red River Delta and Mekong Delta are most affected If the sea level rises by m, it is estimated that 5.3% of natural area, 10.8% of population, 10.2% of GDP, 10.9% of urban area, 7.2% of agricultural area and 28.9% of low land area there will be affected Risks in the Mekong Delta, including droughts and floods, will increase with heavy rains and prolonged droughts During recent decades, Mekong Delta has been suffering from pretty clear impacts from the climate change The fluctuation of the weather factors and sea level rise have been causing negative impacts such as abnormal, big and small flood for different years; many stronger storms; more serious droughts; forest fire, river bank erosion, whirls, more and more dangerous tidal waves The traditional solutions for environmental adaptation have not been appropriate with the climate change in the Mekong Delta As the coastal delta located at the lower part of a system of rivers which has big valley (Mekong River) and is vulnerable to the climate change, Mekong Delta is evaluated as suffering from most of main consequences of the climate change, namely: - The consequences of the sea level rise from the sea side are big waves along with the coast, big flows in rivers and the river mouths, reduced land due to inundation and saltwater intrusion to the inland ii - Consequences due to the weather fluctuation in the valley, and the most dangerous consequence is the flood and drought Abnormal change of the rain in combination with the socio-economic activities in the valley, especially in the countries at the upper part of the rivers shall cause serious impacts to the water resources of the Mekong Delta region The double pressure of the climate change may cause to reduce or totally lose innate advantages on the land/water resources and the natural ecosystem of the Mekong Delta The risks of water shortage for daily activities/farming, loss of building land/shortage of farming land together with environmental catastrophes and biodiversity loss may cause strong impacts to both urban and rural areas of the Mekong Delta Inundation of the urban area causes to downgrade and quickly damage the urban and industrial, traffic and energy infrastructures In the rural area, some living land may be lost; the local traditional livelihood practices may be threatened The final consequences are leading to compulsory immigration/resettlement due to the environmental catastrophe This study focuses on the following issues: Identify the impacts of the climate change to the change of the water resource in Mekong Delta Identify the possibilities of ensuring the water resource to the sustainable development of Mekong Delta Predicted main issues in the Mekong Delta; Orientation for management and use of water resources in the Mekong Delta; Propose appropriate solutions to adapt the climate change for appropriate exploitation and use of the water resource in Mekong Delta Selection of pollution mitigation & treatment models appropriate to specific conditions in Mekong Delta flooded areas iii Acknowledgments First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof Miroslav Kyncl, for his continuous support, patience, motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge His guidance helped me in doing research, writing papers and writing this thesis I also would like to thank for all the activities he organized, such as coursework, which introduce me to the world of research In addition, I would like to thank the organizers, professors and secretaries of the sandwich program for allowing me to participate in the international network Especially, I would like to give special thanks to and Dr Phan Dao for his advice and support while I studied in Vietnam and Czech Republic I would like to thank Ton Duc Thang University for their supporting me on during research time I would like to thank to my colleagues Dr Pham Anh Duc, Dr Nguyen Thi Mai Linh They gave me much helpful advice and support on doing research during the past four years I would like to thank Assoc Prof Phung Chi Sy, Dr Hoang Khanh Hoa for their support me to design and implement research programs, applying research models in residential clusters in the Mekong Delta models I would like to thank all members of the committees of my state examination and thesis, for their insightful comments Finally, I sincerely thank my family who encouraged and motivated me and created favorable conditions during my PhD study iv List of Abbreviations o ADB: Asian Development Bank o APHA: American Public Health Asociation o CC: Climate change o MD: Mekong Delta o MRD: Mekong River Delta o MONRE: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment o UN: United Nation o RW: Rain water o GW: Ground water o IPCC: Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change o SW: Surface water o SRV: Socialist Republic of Vietnam o WQ: Water quality o WB: World Bank o WHO: World Health Organization v Table of Contents Chapter I OVERVIEW I.1 Overview on Climate change I.1.1 Change of global climate I.1.2 Climate change in Vietnam I.1.3 Climate change in the Mekong Delta I.2 Overview on the Mekong Delta I.2.1 Natural characteristics I.2.1.1 Geographical location I.2.1.2 Climate characteristics I.2.1.3 Hydrographic – Oceanic characteristics I.2.2 Actual status of socio-economic development I.2.2.1 Shifting of economic structures: I.2.2.2 Actual status of economic sectors I.2.3 Particular conditions of Mekong delta flooded areas I.2.3.1 Areas directly stricken by flood I.2.3.2 Impact of flooding on water supply and environmental sanitation 10 solutions I.2.3.3 Characteristics of population, housing quality in flooded areas 12 I.2.3.4 Characteristics of water quality in flooded areas of MRD 14 I.2.3.5 Water using habits of people in MRD 15 Chapter II CHANGES OF METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE MEKONG DELTA IN RECENT YEARS II.1 Meteorological and hydrological characteristics of MRD II.2 Changes of meteorological and hydrological regimes 18 19 vi II.2.1 Rainfall in the Mekong river downstream areas 19 II.2.2 Water volume discharged from China into the Mekong basin 20 II.2.3 Flows on the Mekong river mainstream 22 II.2.4 Flow from Tonle Sap Lake (Tonle Sap) 22 II.2.5 Water level at Tan Chau station 24 II.3 26 Progress of flow in the MRD Chapter III ACTUAL STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES AND USE OF CLEAN WATER IN THE MEKONG DELTA III.1 Actual status of water resources 28 III.2 Actual status of clean water supply in urban & rural areas 29 III.2.1 Sources of water and their quality 29 III.2.1.1 Rain water 29 III.2.1.2 Surface water 30 III.2.1.3 Groundwater 31 III.2.2 Actual status of water supply system in the Mekong River Delta 32 III.2.2.1 Actual status of water supply in urban areas 32 III.2.2.2 Actual status of water supply in rural areas 33 Chapter IV IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO WATER RESOURCES IN THE MEKONG DELTA IV.1 The role of water resources in the economic development in MRD 34 IV.2 Impacts of climate change on water resources and flooding 35 IV.2.1 Risk of shortage of water sources 36 IV.2.1 Risk of shortage of water sources 37 IV.2.2 Change of surface water quality 38 IV.2.3 Increase of flood and land subsidence situation 39 IV.2.4 Tendency of increase of temperature 39 vii IV.2.5 Rainfall varies per season 39 IV.2.6 Phenomenon of saltwater intrusion 40 Chapter V SOLUTIONS FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM V.1 Predicted main issues in the Mekong Delta 42 V.1.1 Increased inundation 42 V.1.2 Accretion and erosion 43 V.1.3 Drought and salinisation 44 V.2 Trend of water resources in the Mekong Delta in recent time 44 V.3 Management and use of water resources in the Mekong Delta 45 V.4 Development of the MDa based on water management and use 48 V.5 Solutions for adaptation to Climate change serving for the reasonable exploitation and use of water resources in the Mekong Delta 51 V.5.1 Method for assessing the impacts of Climate change and building 51 solutions to adapt to Climate change in the Mekong Delta V.5.1.1 Method for assessing the impact of Climate change 51 V.5.1.2 Methods for developing measures for adaptation to Climate change 54 V.5.2 Solutions for adaptation to Climate Change for the Mekong Delta 56 V.5.2.1 Overall solution for the whole Mekong Delta 56 V.5.2.2 Solutions in the field of agriculture 56 V.5.2.3 Solutions for Management of water resources 58 Chapter VI ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MITIGATION & TREATMENT MODELS AT RESIDENTIAL CLUSTERS IN FLOODED AREAS, MEKONG DELTA VI.1 Selection of pollution mitigation & treatment models appropriate 60 viii to specific conditions in Mekong Delta flooded areas VI.1.1 Clean water supply model 60 VI.1.1.1 Selection of water sources 60 VI.1.1.2 General viewpoint in recommendation of water supply model for 61 people in flooded areas VI.1.2 Solutions for treatment of waste water 63 VI.1.2.1 Model of newly innovated septic tank 64 VI.1.2.2 Model of Biogas tank made of soft rubber bags to treat wastewater 65 and dungs VI.1.3 Model of hygienic toilet 67 VI.1.3.1 Ecological toilet model 67 VI.1.3.2 Model of toilet using soft rubber bag 67 VI.1.4 Solutions for collection and treatment of solid waste 67 VI.1.4.1 Collection method 68 VI.1.4.2 Treatment plans 68 VI.1.4.3 Advantageous conditions in applying “Worm composting” method 68 VI.2 General description of the environmental status and activities in 69 Gao Long Den residential cluster, a site selected for implementing the pilot model VI.2.1 General overview 69 VI.2.2 Actual status of environment quality at residential cluster 70 VI.2.2.1 Quality of surface water sources 70 VI.2.2.2 Quality of water sources obtained from the pipeline route of Tam 71 Nong rural district Water Supply Station VI.2.2.3 Problem of Waste water treatment 72 VI.2.2.4 Problem of solid waste management 72 VI.2.2.5 Quality of air environment 72 VI.2.2.6 The problem of using hygienic toilet 73 ix VI.3 Case study: Results of pollution mitigation and treatment models 74 at residential cluster VI.3.1 Overview about current clean water supply and environmental 74 sanitary conditions at the Gao Long Den residential cluster VI.3.2 New model of water supply and sanitation in Gao Long Den 75 residential cluster VI.3.2.1 Model of water supply 75 VI.3.2.2 Model of handling waste water 83 VI.3.2.3 Model of sanitary toilet 85 VI.3.2.4 Model of handling garbage 85 VI.3.3 Conclusion about results of pollution mitigation and treatment 87 models at residential cluster References List of publication 89 106 80 - M1-M3: the dosage of aluminium chloride is changed (3gram, 4,5 gram, gram), the cloramin B dosage is the same (0,5 gram) and the filtering materials used are sands and gravels Control Sample (ĐC1) does not use aluminium chloride and cloramin - M4-M6: the dosage of aluminium chloride is changed (3gram, 4,5 gram, gram), the cloramin B dosage is the same (0,5 gram), and the filtering materials used are sands, activated carbon and gravels Control Sample (ĐC2) does not use aluminium chloride and cloramin - M0: the sample does not use aluminium chloride, cloramin and filtering materials as well Implementation steps: - B1: preparation of containing filtering materials - B2: preparing use chemicals: dissolving aluminium chloride to liter of water - B3: evenly stirring and mixing the mixture of water and aluminium chloride according to the guiding norm to the rough water container during 30 minutes After that, pumping the water to the container that contains filtering materials Here, the water shall be handled and filtered to have opaque water via layers of filtering materials (sands, activated carbon and gravels ) - B4: The water after being filtered shall be contained in clean water container The solution of cloramin B shall be directly stirred and mixed to the clean water container Analysis parameter: pH, Colour, Opaque, TDS, DO, COD, NH4+, Nitrat, Chloride, Total iron and E.coli Implementation result of the model The analysis result of the water sample at test containers and control container show that the water after being handled meet clean water supply standards QCVN 01:2009 The effectiveness of handling the content of colour, opaque, BOD, Chloride, total iron and E.coli via samples is show in following charts: 81 Change of colour Change of TDS Change of opaque Change of BOD 82 Change of total iron Change of E.coli As described under charges showing the content change of polluted substances (colour, opaque, TDS, BOD, total iron, E.coli) in accordance with each test sample after 06 hours of doing the experiment, following conclusions may be made: - The test result of samples M1-M6 also shows much better water quality in comparison with the control sample (M0 – unhandled sample The local communities currently use this water for their daily activities; MĐC1 –the sample filtered via sands and gravels, MĐC2 – the sample filtered via sands, activated carbon and gravels) - Via test samples, the variation of the concentration of polluted substances is mainly about opaque, TDS, content of BOD and total iron - 02 chemicals used in the experiments of this thesis are commonly used by the local rural communities However, in comparison with the dosage as guided for use by rural clean water and environmental sanitary centers, the thesis has done test models more details and found out specific data and more appropriate with the current water quality of the Mekong delta The specific data are as follows: + Possibility of handling opaque and TDS in water : the analysis result shows that, the best quality is sample M6 83 + Possibility of handling BOD: the analysis result shows that, the best quality is sample M4 + Possibility of handling the content of total iron and E.coli in water: the analysis result shows that, the best quality is sample M6 + In addition, the samples of M4-M6 (filtering materials of sands, activated carbon and gravels ) show the better analysis result in comparison with samples M1-M3 (filtering materials of sands and gravels ) This shows that the possibility of handling and filtering the polluted substances of activated carbon is better As a result, the analysis results from the test samples show that the use chemicals of aluminium chloride, sterilization chemicals of cloramin B in combination with common filtering materials such as sands, activated carbon and gravels, the local communities in flooding areas, and rural areas may handle surface water source to meet required standards for daily use water The dosage of use chemicals showing the best result is 06 gram aluminium chloride, 0,5 gram cloramin B used for 100 liters of water VI.3.2.2 Model of handling waste water Model 03 Model of Biogas tank by using soft rubber bag to handle waste water and dung Basic information in respect to the model implementation - Waste substances need procesing: handling waste water and dungs - Implementation size: household size - Implementation model: model biogas, use of incubating bags - Materials of making biogas bag: soft plastic of Polyethylene - Size of the implementation model: 01 model/01 household - Volume of the Biogas bag: 10 m³/bag - Number of pigs of each household: 30-35 pigs Implementation result 84 Table 6.5 – Analysis result of input and output water samples after being handled No Criteria name Model Biogas 01 Model Biogas 02 QCVN 24 : 2009 Input Output Input Output 6,5 6,7 6,5 6,7 5,5 – 1.100 590 900 496 100 01 pH 02 SS (mg/l) 03 BOD (mg/l) 900 214 980 206 50 04 COD (mg/l) 1.120 312 1100 307 100 05 NH4+ (mg/l) 180 82 212 112 10 06 NO3- (mg/l) 4,2 3,8 4,2 4,0 - 07 NO2- (mg/l) 0,03 0,02 0,03 0,02 - 08 Cl- (mg/l) 78 54 67 62 600 09 N total (mg/l) 280 120 218 168 30 10 P total (mg/l) 160 62 120 48 4,3x105 2,1x103 3,8 x106 5x103 5x103 Coliform 11 (MPN/ml) Source: The result from measuring the samples in March 2011 at Institute of Tropical Techniques and Environmental Protection and reference to the results from the topic “researching to propose feasible environmental sanitary solutions in and after floods in Mekong delta – code KC 08.03/06-10” The results from implementing the model in 02 households under the Binh Hoa Dong & Binh Hoa Tay residential areas in Moc Hoa district and Binh Thanh commune, Duc Hue district, Long An province show that the effectiveness of handling polluted substances under the model is very high, from 50-80%, particularly to organic substances, nourishing substances, odor and microbiological content 85 VI.3.2.3 Model of sanitary toilet Model 04 Model of toilet by using soft rubber bag (this type may be used for those households who live on boats – this is a long-term living type of households in the flooding areas) Basic parameters with respect to the model implementation - Handling waste substance: waste water and dungs - Implementation size: household size (this may be used for those households who live on boats – this is a long term habbits of households living in the flooding areas) - Types of use materials: Composite plastics with polyester fibers and Composite solid plastics with glass fibers The model of the toilet by using the soft rubber bags is done on basis of materials which are macromolecule compounds, mainly Composite materials– which have high physic mechanical characteristics, are light and durable under the weather conditions in Mekong delta This model uses two types of materials which are Composite plastics with polyester fibers and Composite solid plastics with glass fibers This model has its advantages: neat, light, easy to carry & install, high durable and resistant climate and weather in Mekong delta as raining and flooding VI.3.2.4 Model of handling garbage Model 05 Model of raising worm (using waste from daily activities) Parameter for the model design - Size of the model: 01 model/01 household 86 - Container for containing worms: containers may be constructed by bricks or plastic container, wooden container may be used - Size of the container: DxRxC = 1mx1mx0,7m - Use materials: organic garbage, worms, sand, heavy earth, dry cow dungs - Daily addition of garbage: 1,0 – 1,5 kg (mainly redundant food, shells of vegetables, fruits, etc.) - Time for duplicating the worm size: months - The structure of the container is shown in Figure 6.7 Test result of the model The test result of the model which has been done in households in Gao Long Den residential area, Tan Cong Chi commune, Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province shows that the model of handling organic garbage by earth worms may be used for each household to reduce the gargage arisen at the place where they come from This is one of the best effective measures to positively contribute to the enviromental protection Each household only needs a container with its volume of 1m3 with the input worms of 1kg, the daily input food waste may be completed handled In addition, this method may be applied at markets, food producing factories or commercial sized garbage dumps We can collect not only worms but also their dungs as fertilizers Cap with pole holds or covering net Tap for water drainage Net of additional organic garbage Additional cow dung + worms Separation net layer Sands layer Figure 6.7 – Structure of the container handling daily garbage by worms 87 VI.3.3 Conclusion about results of pollution mitigation and treatment models at residential cluster Mekong Delta, as an outstanding place of agriculture and aquaculture, holds an important role in ensuring national food security and contributes in a large proportion to the export value of the seafood and rice country In spite of the fact that the development of infrastructure and social culture still correspond to the potential of the entire region, the living conditions of the people in the region especially in the rural areas are still difficult One of the main reasons of the above situation lies in the prolonged flooding condition causing huge damage to persons and property, thus creating no fewer difficulties for the life of the people in the region The experiences in exploration of and adaptation to natural conditions in the MRD has formed a system of proper responding solutions to the changes of the environment Particularly, “living with floods” strategy and it’s corresponding structure solutions have effectively worked Abnormalities and severity of weather is increasing Floods and droughts are the visible consequences of CC and sea level rise in the MRD To minimize these consequences structure solutions should be imperative “Design with nature”, synchronicly combining “hard” with “soft” solutions could be a suitable and necessary way for this area Water supply activities in rural areas of the Mekong Delta have shown strong development in recent years However, in order to achieve the Water Supply Targets/ Objectives under the National Strategy on Clean water and Environmental Sanitation in rural areas, there must be specific solutions which must be implemented in combination and synchronization A number of major solutions proposed for application are as follows: water supply in the Mekong Delta shall prioritize the development of centralized water supply model, upgrading and increasing the capacity of existing water supply facilities to meet additional requirements for on-site water supply; building brand new 88 and upgrading and expanding centralized water supply stations, prioritizing the development of centralized water supply works in the order of: large, medium and small scale; Prioritizing the development of centralized water supply in difficult, deep-lying and remote areas where the ratio of water supply is low The residential cluster represent a new settlement type which new different from the long term habits of the local communities in Mekong delta The new habits and practices with respect to the environmental sanitary field shall greatly cause to the environmental sanitary quality in the new 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Student Manual, 2010 51 WHO, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change- Climate Change and Water June 2008 52 Winder, Ch., Stacey, N.H Occupational toxicology Boca Raton, FL: CRC press 624 p ISBN ISBN 978-0-748-40918-1 2004 94 LIST OF PUBLICATION Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi Changes of Meteorological and Hydrological Factor in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Journal of Applied Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam 2013 Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi The criteria for building environmentally friendly residential cluster in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Journal of Applied Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam 2014 Phan Dao, Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi, Global climate change and solutions for urban sustainability of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Journal of GeoScience Engineering, 2015, Vol 61, No.1, pp 26-31 ISSN 1802-5420 Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi, Phan Dao, A Model of Clean Water Supply and Improvement of Environmental Sanitary Condition at Residential Cluster in Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Journal of GeoScience Engineering, 2015, Vol.61, No.4, pp.9-16 ISSN 1802-5420 Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi, The Prospects of Rainwater Havesting in Ho Chi Minh City, Journal of GeoScience Engineering, 2015, Vol.61, No.4, pp.17-22 ISSN 1802-5420 Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi, Phan Dao, Miroslav Kyncl, Some solutions to respond climate change for the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Journal of GeoScience Engineering, 2017, Vol.63, No.3, p 18-24, ISSN 1802-5420 Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi, Phan Dao, Miroslav Kyncl, Water supply status in rural areas of the Mekong Delta and Development measures (have completed the review, waiting for publication) ... Phenomenon of saltwater intrusion 40 Chapter V SOLUTIONS FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM V.1 Predicted main issues in the Mekong Delta 42 V.1.1 Increased... production in the Mekong Delta is very high [42] IV.2.2 Change of surface water quality The change of water status, the declination of water level in main rivers in dry season, the degradation of. .. production area in the country However, under the impact of water development in the upstream of the Mekong River together with the internal development of MRD and the change of global climate, the Mekong