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LING English House IELTS PLACEMENT TEST Time: 60 minutes IELTS READING TEST Passage Man Or Machine A During July 2003, the Museum of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts exhibited what Honda calls ‘the world’s most advanced humanoid robot’, ASIMO (the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility) Honda’s brainchild is on tour in North America and delighting audiences wherever it goes After 17 years in the making, ASIMO stands at four feet tall, weighs around 115 pounds and looks like a child in an astronaut’s suit Though it is difficult to see ASIMO’s face at a distance, on closer inspection it has a smile and two large ‘eyes’ that conceal cameras The robot cannot work autonomously – its actions are ‘remote-controlled’ by scientist through the computer in its backpack Yet watching AIMIO perform at a show in Massachusetts it seemed uncannily human The audience cheered as ASIMO walked forwards and backwards, side to side and up and downstairs After the show, a number of people told me that they would like robots to play more of a role in daily life – one even said that the robot would be like ‘another person’ B While the Japanese have made huge strides in solving some of the engineering problems of human kinetics and bipedal movements, for the past 10 years scientists at MIT’s former Artificial Intelligence (AI) lab (recently renamed the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, CSAIL) have been making robots that can behave like humans and interact with humans One of MIT’s robots, Kismet, is an anthropomorphic head and has two eyes (complete with eyelids), ears, a mouth, and eyebrows It has several facial expressions, including happy, sad, frightened and disgusted Human interlocutors are able to read some of the robot’s facial expressions, and often change their behavior towards the machine as a result – for example, playing with it when it appears ‘sad’ Kismet is now in MIT’s museum, but the ideas developed here continue to be explored in new robots C Cog (short for Cognition) is another pioneering project from MIT’s former AI lab Cog has a head, eyes, two arms, hands and a torso – and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop intelligence by responding to its environment via sensors, and to learn through these types of interactions D MIT is getting furthest down the road to creating human-like and interactive robots Some scientists argue that ASIMO is a great engineering feat but not an intelligent machine – because it is unable to interact autonomously with unpredictabilities in its environment in meaningful ways, and learn from experience Robots like Cog and Kismet and new robots at MIT’s CSAIL and media lab, however, are beginning to this E These are exciting developments Creating a machine that can walk, make gestures and learn from its environment is an amazing achievement And watch this space: these achievements are likely rapidly to be improved upon Humanoid robots could have a plethora of uses in society, helping to free people from everyday tasks In Japan, for example, there is an aim to create robots that can the tasks similar to an average human and also act in more sophisticated situations as firefighters, astronauts or medical assistants to the elderly in the workplace and in homes – partly in order to counterbalance the effects of an ageing population F Such robots say much about the way in which we view humanity, and they bring out the best and worst of us On one hand, these developments express human creativity – our ability to invent, experiment, and to extend our control over the world On the other hand, the aim to create a robot like a human being is spurred on by dehumanized ideas – by the sense that human companionship can be substituted by machines; that humans lose their humanity when they interact with technology; or that we a little more than surface and ritual behaviors, that can be simulated with metal and electrical circuits Questions 1-6 Reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet NB You may use any letter more than once different ways of using robots a robot whose body has the same proportion as that of an adult the fact that human can be copied and replaced by robots a comparison between ASIMO for Honda and other robots the pros and cons of creating robots a robot that has eyebrows Questions 7-13 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet In 2003, Massachusetts displayed a robot named ASIMO which was invented by Honda, after a period of 7……………………… in the making The operating information is stored in the computer in its 8……………………… so that scientists can control ASIMO’s movement While Japan is making great progress, MIT is developing robots that are human-like and can 9……………………… Humans What is special about Kismet is that it has different 10……………………… which can be read by human interlocutors 11……………………… is another robot from MIT, whose body’s proportion is the same as an adult By responding to the surroundings through 12……………………., it could develop its 13………………………… Passage Biology of Bitterness To many people, grapefruit is palatable only when doused in sugar Bitter blockers like adenosine monophosphate could change that A There is a reason why grapefruit juice is served in little glasses: Most people don’t want to drink more than a few ounces at a time Naringin , a natural chemical compound found in grapefruit, tastes bitter Some people like that bitterness in small doses and believe it enhances the general flavor, but others would rather avoid it altogether So juice packagers often select grapefruit with low naringin content, even though the compound has antioxidant properties that some nutritionists contend may help prevent cancer and arteriosclerosis B It is possible, however, to get the goodness of grapefruit juice without the bitter taste I found that out by participating in a test conducted at the Linguagen Corporation, a biotechnology company in Cranbury, New Jersey Sets of two miniature white paper cups, labeled 304 and 305, were placed before five people seated around a conference table Each of us drank from one cup and then the other, cleansing our palates between tastes with water and a soda cracker Even the smallest sip of 304 had grapefruit’s unmistakable bitter bite But 305 was smoother; there was the sour taste of citrus but none of the bitterness of naringin This juice had been treated with adenosine monophosphate or AMP, a compound that blocks the bitterness in foods without making them less nutritious C Taste research is a booming business these days, with scientists delving into all five basics— sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami, the savory taste of protein Bitterness is of special interest to industry because of its untapped potential in food There are thousands of bitter-tasting compounds in nature They defend plants by warning animals away and protect animals by letting them know when a plant may be poisonous But the system isn’t foolproof Grapefruit and cruciferous vegetables like brussels sprouts and kale are nutritious despite and sometimes because of their bitter-tasting components Over time, many people have learned to love them, at least in small doses “Humans are the only species that enjoys bitter taste,” says Charles Zuker, a neuroscientist at the University of California School of Medicine at San Diego “Every other species is averse to bitterness because it means bad news But we have learned to enjoy it We drink coffee, which is bitter, and quinine [in tonic water] too We enjoy having that spice in our lives.” Because bitterness can be pleasing in small quantities but repellent when intense, bitter blockers like AMP could make a whole range of foods, drinks, and medicines more palatable—and therefore more profitable D People have varying capacities for tasting bitterness, and the differences appear to be genetic About 75 percent of people are sensitive to the taste of the bitter compounds phenylthiocarbamide and 6-n-propylthiouracil, and 25 percent are insensitive Those who are sensitive to phenylthiocarbamide seem to be less likely than others to eat cruciferous vegetables, according to Stephen Wooding, a geneticist at the University of Utah Some people, known as supertasters, are especially sensitive to 6-n-propylthiouracil because they have an unusually high number of taste buds Supertasters tend to shun all kinds of bitter-tasting things, including vegetables, coffee, and dark chocolate Perhaps as a result, they tend to be thin They’re also less fond of alcoholic drinks, which are often slightly bitter Dewar’s scotch, for instance, tastes somewhat sweet to most people “But a supertaster tastes no sweetness at all, only bitterness,” says Valerie Duffy, an associate professor of dietetics at the University of Connecticut at Storrs E In one recent study, Duffy found that supertasters consume alcoholic beverages, on average, only two to three times a week, compared with five or six times for the average nontasters Each taste bud, which looks like an onion, consists of 50 to 100 elongated cells running from the top of the bud to the bottom At the top is a little clump of receptors that capture the taste molecules, known as tastants, in food and drink The receptors function much like those for sight and smell Once a bitter signal has been received, it is relayed via proteins known as G proteins The G protein involved in the perception of bitterness, sweetness, and umami was identified in the early 1990s by Linguagen’s founder, Robert Margolskee, at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City Known as gustducin, the protein triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to changes in ion concentrations within the cell Ultimately, this delivers a signal to the brain that registers as bitter “The signaling system is like a bucket brigade,” Margolskee says “It goes from the G protein to other proteins.” F In 2000 Zuker and others found some 30 different kinds of genes that code for bitter taste receptors “We knew the number would have to be large because there is such a large universe of bitter tastants,” Zuker says Yet no matter which tastant enters the mouth or which receptor it attaches to, bitter always tastes the same to us The only variation derives from its intensity and the ways in which it can be flavored by the sense of smell “Taste cells are like a light switch,” Zuker says “They are either on or off.” G Once they figured out the taste mechanism, scientists began to think of ways to interfere with it They tried AMP, an organic compound found in breast milk and other substances, which is created as cells break down food AMP has no bitterness of its own, but when put in foods, Margolskee and his colleagues discovered, it attaches to bitter-taste receptors As effective as it is, AMP may not be able to dampen every type of bitter taste, because it probably doesn’t attach to all 30 bitter-taste receptors So Linguagen has scaled up the hunt for other bitter blockers with a technology called high-throughput screening Researchers start by coaxing cells in culture to activate bitter-taste receptors Then candidate substances, culled from chemical compound libraries, are dropped onto the receptors, and scientists look for evidence of a reaction H In time, some taste researchers believe, compounds like AMP will help make processed foods less unhealthy Consider, for example, that a single cup of Campbell’s chicken noodle soup contains 850 milligrams of sodium chloride, or table salt—more than a third of the recommended daily allowance The salt masks the bitterness created by the high temperatures used in the canning process, which cause sugars and amino acids to react Part of the salt could be replaced by another salt, potassium chloride, which tends to be scarce in some people’s diets Potassium chloride has a bitter aftertaste, but that could be eliminated with a dose of AMP Bitter blockers could also be used in place of cherry or grape flavouring to take the harshness out of children’s cough syrup, and they could dampen the bitterness of antihistamines, antibiotics, certain HIV drugs, and other medications I A number of food makers have already begun to experiment with AMP in their products, and other bitter blockers are being developed by rival firms such as Senomyx in La Jolla, California In a few years, perhaps, after food companies have taken the bitterness from canned soup and TV dinners, they can set their sights on something more useful: a bitter blocker in a bottle that any of us can sprinkle on our brussels sprouts or stir into our grapefruit juice Questions 14-21 The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-I Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-1, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet (14) Experiment on bitterness conducted (15) Look into the future application (16) Bitterness means different information for human and animals (17) Spread process of bitterness inside of body (18) How AMP blocks bitterness (19) Some bitterness blocker may help lower unhealthy impact (20) Bitterness introduced from a fruit (21) Genetic feature determines sensitivity Questions 22-25 Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words Write your answers in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet The reason why grapefruit tastes bitter is because a substance called 22 _contained in it However, bitterness plays a significant role for plants It gives a signal that a certain plant is 23 .For human beings, different people carry various genetic abilities to taste bitterness According to a scientist at the University of Utah, 24 have exceptionally plenty of 25 , which allows them to perceive bitter compounds Questions 26-27 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D Write your answers in boxes 26-27 on your answer sheet Question 26 What is the main feature of AMP according to this passage? (A) offset bitter flavor in food (B) only exist in 304 cup (C) tastes like citrus (D) chemical reaction when meets biscuit Question 27 What is the main function of G protein? (A) collecting taste molecule (B) identifying different flavors elements (C) resolving large molecules (D) transmitting bitter signals to the brain Passage The Left or Right-Handed A The probability that two right-handed people would have a left-handed child is only about 9.5 percent The chance rises to 19.5 percent if one parent is a lefty and 26 percent if both parents are left-handed The preference, however, could also stem from an infant’s imitation of his parents To test genetic influence, starting in the 1970s British biologist Marian Annett of the University of Leicester hypothesized that no single gene determines handedness Rather, during fetal development, a certain molecular factor helps to strengthen the brain’s left hemisphere, which increases the probability that the right hand will be dominant, because the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa Among the minority of people who lack this factor, handedness develops entirely by chance Research conducted on twins complicates the theory, however One in fivesets of identical twins involves one right-handed and one left-handed person, despite the fact that their genetic material is the same Genes, therefore, are not solely responsible for handedness B Genetic theory is also undermined by results from Peter Hepper and his team at Queen’s University in Belfast, Ireland In 2004 the psychologists used ultrasound to show that by the 15th week of pregnancy, fetuses already have a preference as to which thumb they suck In most cases, the preference continued after birth At 15 weeks, though, the brain does not yet have control over the body’s limbs Hepper speculates that fetuses tend to prefer whichever side of the body is developing quicker and that their movements, in turn, influence the brain’s development Whether this early preference is temporary or holds up throughout development and infancy is unknown Genetic predetermination is also contradicted by the widespread observation that children not settle on either their right or left hand until they are two or three years old C But even if these correlations were true, they did not explain what actually causes lefthandedness Furthermore, specialization on either side of the body is common among animals Cats will favor one paw over another when fishing toys out from under the couch Horses stomp more frequently with one hoof than the other Certain crabs motion predominantly with the left or right claw In evolutionary terms, focusing power and dexterity in one limb is more efficient than having to train two, four or even eight limbs equally Yet for most animals, the preference for one side or the other is seemingly random The overwhelming dominance of the right hand is associated only with humans That fact directs attention toward the brain’s two hemispheres and perhaps toward language D Interest in hemispheres dates back to at least 1836 That year, at a medical conference, French physician Marc Dax reported on an unusual commonality among his patients During his many years as a country doctor, Dax had encountered more than 40 men and women for whom speech was difficult, the result of some kind of brain damage What was unique was that every individual suffered damage to the left side of the brain At the conference, Dax elaborated on his theory, stating that each half of the brain was responsible for certain functions and that the left hemisphere controlled speech Other experts showed little interest in the Frenchman’s ideas Over time, however, scientists found more and more evidence of people experiencing speech difficulties following injury to the left brain Patients with damage to the right hemisphere most often displayed disruptions in perception or concentration Major advancements in understanding the brain’s asymmetry were made in the 1960s as a result of so-called split-brain surgery, developed to help patients with epilepsy During this operation, doctors severed the corpus callosum—the nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres The surgical cut also stopped almost all normal communication between the two hemispheres, which offered researchers the opportunity to investigate each side’s activity 10 E In 1949 neurosurgeon Juhn Wada devised the first test to provide access to the brain’s functional organization of language By injecting an anesthetic into the right or left carotid artery, Wada temporarily paralyzed one side of a healthy brain, enabling him to more closely study the other side’s capabilities Based on this approach, Brenda Milner and the late Theodore Rasmussen of the Montreal Neurological Institute published a major study in 1975 that confirmed the theory that country doctor Dax had formulated nearly 140 years earlier: in 96 percent of right-handed people, language is processed much more intensely in the left hemisphere The correlation is not as clear in lefties, however For two thirds of them, the left hemisphere is still the most active language processor But for the remaining third, either the right side is dominant or both sides work equally, controlling different language functions That last statistic has slowed acceptance of the notion that the predominance of right-handedness is driven by left-hemisphere dominance in language processing It is not at all clear why language control should somehow have dragged the control of body movement with it Some experts think one reason the left hemisphere reigns over language is because the organs of speech processing— the larynx and tongue—are positioned on the body’s symmetry axis Because these structures were centered, it may have been unclear, in evolutionary terms, which side of the brain should control them, and it seems unlikely that shared operation would result in smooth motor activity Language and handedness could have developed preferentially for very different reasons as well For example, some researchers, including evolutionary psychologist Michael C Corballis of the University of Auckland in New Zealand, think that the origin of human speech lies in gestures Gestures predated words and helped language emerge If the left hemisphere began to dominate speech, it would have dominated gestures, too, and because the left brain controls the right side of the body, the right hand developed more strongly 11 F Perhaps we will know more soon In the meantime, we can revel in what, if any, differences handedness brings to our human talents Popular wisdom says right-handed, left-brained people excel at logical, analytical thinking Lefthanded, right-brained individuals are thought to possess more creative skills and may be better at combining the functional features emergent in both sides of the brain Yet some neuroscientists see such claims as pure speculation Fewer scientists are ready to claim that left-handedness means greater creative potential Yet lefties are prevalent among artists, composers and the generally acknowledged great political thinkers Possibly if these individuals are among the lefties whose language abilities are evenly distributed between hemispheres, the intense interplay required could lead to unusual mental capabilities G Or perhaps some lefties become highly creative simply because they must be more clever to get by in our right-handed world This battle, which begins during the very early stages of childhood, may lay the groundwork for exceptional achievements Questions 28-32 Reading Passage has seven sections A-G Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet 28 The phenomenon of using one side of their body for animals 29 Statistics on the rate of one-handedness born 30 The age when the preference for using one hand is fixed 31 Great talents of occupations in the left-handed population 32 The earliest record of researching hemisphere’s function Questions 33-36 Look at the following researchers (Questions 33-36) and the list of findings below Match each researcher with the correct finding Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet 12 List of Findings A Early language evolution is correlated to body movement and thus affecting the preference of use of one hand B No single biological component determines the handedness of a child C Each hemisphere of the brain is in charge of different body functions D Language process is mainly centered in the left-hemisphere of the brain E Speech difficulties are often caused by brain damage F The rate of development of one side of the body has influence on hemisphere preference in fetus G Brain function already matures by the end of the fetal stage 33 Marian Annett 34 Peter Hepper 35 Brenda Milner & Theodore Rasmussen 36 Michael Corballis Questions 37-40 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 3740 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 13 37 The study of twins shows that genetic determinationis not the only factor for left-handedness 38 Marc Dax’s report was widely accepted in his time 39 Juhn Wada based his findings on his research of people with language problems 40 There tend to be more men with left-handedness than women 14 ... eyebrows Questions 7-13 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your... surface and ritual behaviors, that can be simulated with metal and electrical circuits Questions 1-6 Reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F Which paragraph contains the following information? Write... were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop