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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HUYNH HOANG LONG RESEARCHING MULTI-CLOUD MARKETPLACE MODEL DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Hanoi - 2022 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HUYNH HOANG LONG RESEARCHING MULTI-CLOUD MARKETPLACE MODEL Major: Information Systems Code: 9480104 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUPERVISORS: Ph.D NGUYEN HUU DUC Assoc.Prof LE TRONG VINH Hanoi - 2022 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety I confirm that: • This work was done wholly during in Ph.D student at Hanoi University of Sci-ence and Technology • Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted at Hanoi University of Science and Technology or any other institution, this has been clearly stated • Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly at-tributed • Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work • I have acknowledged all main sources of help • Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself th Hanoi, February 22 2022 Supervisors Ph.D Student i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My dissertation would not have finished without the support of my supervisors, family, co-authors, and colleagues I am grateful to all those people who supported and inspired me while facing academic and personal challenges My supervisors I would like to pay the deepest gratitude to my first supervisor Dr Nguyen Huu Duc for offering me a great environment, plenty of opportunities, and freedom to be creative Working with him marked an auspicious beginning to my doctoral upbringing In critical moments, he has been available to provide sincere and determined opinions, helping me make the right decisions I also thank my second supervisor, Assoc Prof Le Trong Vinh for his advice, encouragements and guidance throughout my Ph.D study His experiences and insights are immensely meaningful for me in my works I am grateful to them for devoting their precious time to discussing research ideas, proofreading, and explaining how to write good research papers I would like to thank them for encouraging my research and empowering me to grow as a research scientist My family I am grateful to my parents for their limitless love and my parents brought me up with great values of life, including humility and patience They always wish I could get Ph.D degree Without their sacrifices and guidance, my education would have been impossible I also thank my grandmother for her advice in every aspect of life My success is also theirs My co-authors Many thanks to my co-authors in our works They had valuable comments for my works Special thanks to Prof Zhenjiang Hu and Assoc Prof Huynh Quyet Thang for giving me an internship trip at National Institute of Informatics, Japan Prof Hu and members of Tsumina Lab warmly welcomed me into their lab and offered the helpful collaboration in research Particularly, Van Dang (Ph.D student at NII) and I achieved a successful combination, our paper was accepted by SOMET 2019 I also thank Mr Le Duc Hung (Ph.D student at TU Wien) for supporting me to implement component-based cloud software on multi-cloud My colleagues Many thanks to my colleagues from Department of Information System, School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology Particularly, Assoc Prof Nguyen Thi Kim Anh and As-soc Prof Nguyen Binh Minh for providing such a stimulating and friendly working ii atmosphere It is fortunate for me to study in an active environment Thank you all! th Hanoi, February 22 2022 Ph.D Student Huynh Hoang Long iii ABSTRACT Cloud computing have been an effective delivery model for distributing computing that enables the delivery of applications as services over Internet, as well as platformand infrastructure-level computing resources It has been increasingly used by businesses, organizations and individuals as a cost-effective IT solution Currently, consumers can approach cloud services through several existing service delivery methods in a convenient way as follows: Direct cloud service delivery, Cloud Brokerage, and Cloud Marketplace However, these cloud service delivery models have many limitations on cloud service product information, quality of service, monopoly, competitiveness, etc These problems have been damaging to the benefits of cloud consumers having to pay higher than the real value of cloud services In addition, different commercial cloud providers impose different application architectures that tend to lock consumers into their services and not want to allow the direct competition with others This is the cause of the well-known issue: vendor lock-in In economics, vendor lock-in, also known as proprietary lock-in or customer lock-in, makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products and services, unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs [82] Because they cannot easily move to another cloud provider in the future without experiencing issues such as high costs, legal constraints, technical incompatibilities [59] For example, when a consumer buys WordPress Application on Bitnami, he is first provided two deployment offering options: single-tier and multi-tier Then he is provided several options to launch WordPress Application: Amazon web services, Google cloud platform, and Azure WordPress Application can only be deployed on one of these three services There are two machines that are similar on paper as they both have four cores Amazon VM offers more memory, but the price is very simi-lar In fact, Amazon VM offers almost twice the blended compute capacity over 24 hours than its Google cloud equivalent but database technology of Google is quite better In the first case, if a consumer has been using Google Cloud and he spots a great cloud service pricing from Amazon He is not allowed to move cloud service running on Google Cloud to Amazon Another reason is because cloud technologies are incompatible between Amazon and Google In the second case, it is impossible if WordPress App Server is hosted on Amazon and WordPress Database is hosted on iv Google Cloud to leverage the benefits of two cloud providers Taking advantage of it is not going to be easy because before he know it, he will be locked into single cloud provider This challenge can be overcome if the WordPress App Server and Wordpress Database could be spread across two cloud providers to benefit from each provider’s best technology and less VM capacity (cheaper but meets the need) More effectively, WordPress components should be described in an open standard so that other providers than those mentioned above can offer cloud services at competitive prices and better capacities, and its components could be easily ported to other cloud To deal with vendor lock-in problem, multi-cloud is the effective approach because a multi-cloud strategy enables consumers to select any cloud service to meet the re-quirements of a particular application or workload as well as porting cloud software to another cloud In this way, we have an interesting ideal about a multi-cloud service delivery model that facilitates to distribute Software as a Service (SaaS) across various clouds as well as liberates cloud developers from being tied to proprietary technology ecosystems To turn our idea into reality, we sketch OMarketplace Model (multi-cloud marketplace model) and define Composable Application Model (component-based cloud application model) To demonstrate the practicality of two proposed model, research works are focused on as follows: (i) O-Marketplace Model, after analyzing the limitations of existing cloud service delivery methods, a multi-cloud service delivery method is proposed to overcome these limitations, and a promising multi-cloud marketplace model is built up (ii) Composable Application Model, we first build up its concept and its description method, then the experimentation is conducted by transform into TOSCA specification to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed multi-cloud application model Finally, relying on Composable Application Model and O-Marketplace context, some issues of cloud computing are tackled to prove the practicality of two proposed model such as: matchmaking for multi-cloud marketplace application, multicloud application portability, multi-cloud application auto-repairing Keywords: Cloud computing, Vendor lock-in, multi-cloud environment, multi-cloud marketplace, multi-cloud service delivery, multi-cloud application, matchmak-ing, multi-cloud application portability, multi-cloud application autorepairing, Com-posable Application Model, O-Marketplace, Blueprint v CONTENTS DECLARATIONOFAUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS LISTOFTABLES LISTOFFIGURES Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Context 1.2 Thesis research issues and motiv 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 Thesis contributions 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4 Thesis outline Chapter BACKGROUND 2.1 Cloud Computing 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.2 Existing cloud service delivery mo 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 Related technologies vi 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 Related works 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.5 Summary Chapter O-MARKETPLACE 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Existing methods for delivering clo 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3 O-Marketplace Model 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 The novel approach in SaaS prov O-Marketplace 3.5 The feasibility of O-Marketplace M 3.6 The goals of O-Marketplace 3.7 Summary Chapter COMPOSABLE APPLICATION MODEL 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General concept of CAM 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 Simple Definition for CAM vii 4.3 4.3 4.4 Description Templates of CAM 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 Experimentation of CAM 4.5 4.5 4.6 Applications of CAM in O-Marketplace context 4.6 4.6 viii 107 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Multi-cloud infrastructures”, In Proceedth ings of the 18 Vietnam National Conference: Selected issues of information technology and communication, pp 100-105, Ho Chi Minh, pp 100-105, November 2015 (In Vietnamese) Hoang-Long Huynh,Van-Dang Tran, Huu-Duc Nguyen, Zhenjiang Hu, TrongVinh Le, Quyet-Thang Huynh, “Auto-updating Portable Application Model of Multicloud Marketplace through Bidirectional Transformations System”, In Pro-ceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Software Methodologies, Tools, and Techniques (SOMET 2019), pp 11-24, Malaysia, September 2019 DOI:10.3233/FAIA190035 (SCOPUS Indexed) Hoang-Long Huynh, Huu-Duc Nguyen, Trong-Vinh Le, “Matchmaking for Multi-cloud Marketplace Application”, Journal of Research and Development on Information and Communication Technology, Ministry of Information and Communications, Vietnam, Vol 2019(1), pp 31-42, September 2019 ISSN 1859-3534 DOI:10.32913/MIC-ICT-RESEARCH.V2019.N1.854 Hoang-Long Huynh, Huu-Duc Nguyen, 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