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LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 1 Introduction LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 2 • Electrical Engineering is the field which deals with devices that depend solely on the motion of electrons in metals. • Electronics is the technology of the passage of charged particles in gas, vacuum, or semiconductors. LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 3 History • The origin of term "Electronics" began in 1895, H.A. Lorentz postulated the existence of discrete charges which he called "electrons". • 1906 De Forest built the first active electronic device, called "triode" made the first amplifier. • Semiconductor era began in 1908. A crystal diode was invented by Pickard. LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 4 • In December 1947, at Bell Telephone Laboratories Walter H. Brattain and John Bardeen invented the first solid state Amplifier, a point contact transistor was built from germanium crystal. However the point contact transistors performance was very poor. • At the same time, William B. Schockley, the group leader, recognized the difficulties with the point contact and proposed the junction transistors and immediately developed the theory of the P-N Junction based on Quantum Physics in 1950. LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 5 • In 1951 transistors were produced commercially. Brattain, Bardeen, and Schockley were awarded the NOBEL Prize in Physics in 1956. This was the first NOBEL award given for an engineering device in nearly 50 years. • 1954, Texas Instrument built the silicon transistor commercially. • 1960 SSI (Small Scale Integration) were produced, the first generation of the integrated circuit era. LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 6 • 1966 MSI (Medium Scale Integration), the second generation • 1969 LSI (Large Scale Integration), the third generation • 1975 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), the fourth generation • 1990 ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration), the fifth generation • 2000 GSI (Giant Scale Integration) LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 7 Microelectronics Evolution Year 1947 1950 1961 1966 1971 1980 1990 2000 Technology Invention of the transistor Discrete components SSI MSI LSI VLSI ULSI GSI Approximate numbers of transistors per chip in commercial products 1 1 10 100-1,000 1,000-20,000 20,000- 1,000,000 1,000,000- 10,000,000 >10,000,000 Typical products -Junction Transistors and diode Logic gates Flip-flops Counters Multiplexers Adders 8 bit micro- processors ROM RAM 16 bit, 32 bit micro- processors 32 bit micro- processors 32 bit, 64 bit micro- processors LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 8 Moore’s Law • Gordon Moore made his famous observation in 1965. Moore predicted that the number of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months. Source: http://www.intel.com LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 9 Processor Year of introduction Number of transistors 4004 1971 2,250 8008 1972 2,500 8080 1974 5,000 8086 1978 29,000 286 1982 120,000 386™ processor 1985 275,000 486™ DX processor 1989 1,180,000 Pentium® processor 1993 3,100,000 Pentium II processor 1997 7,500,000 Pentium III processor 1999 24,000,000 Pentium 4 processor 2000 42,000,000 Source: http://www.intel.com LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 10 Introduction to Electronic Systems • Electronic systems consist of signal sources or transducers, processors and actuators. Source or Transducer Processor Actuator [...]... energy form into electric current or voltage and vice versa • Sensors are devices that change their electrical properties which is caused by a physical quantity change LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 11 Examples of transducers and sensors Energy Heat Light Sound (vibration) Electric Transducer/Actuators Thermocouples (Heat Voltage) Photo Diodes/Transistors (Photon Current) Microphones... Resistance) Condenser microphone (Sound ∆ Capacitance) Carbon microphone (Sound ∆ Resistance) Speakers(Current Sound) CRTs,LEDs (Current Light) Motors(Current Torque) LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 12 . LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 1 Introduction LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 2 • Electrical Engineering is the. months. Source: http://www.intel.com LE210 Lecture Notes 2002 Edition: Introduction 9 Processor Year of introduction Number of transistors 4004 1971 2,250 8008 1972