Algoritma dan pemrograman menurut sendir

ARTI KE LI L MI AH TE NTANG AL GORI TMADANPE MROGRAMANME NURUTANDA DI SUSUNOL E H: Na ma :Yu n i Su l i s t i a n i Ke l a s / NI M :TI C/ 74 Pr o d i :Te k n i kI n f o r ma t i k a Ma t k u l :Al g o r i t mad a np e mr o g r a ma n DOSPE :An d yp r a s e t y oM.Ko m POL I TE KNI KPURBAYA J L SUPRI YADINO.71–TRAYE MAN SL AWI–TE GAL / 2 Ab s t r a k Al g o r i t mad a np e mr o g r a ma na d a l a ht i g ap e n g e r t i a ny a n gb e r b e d a Se c a r ad e f i n i s ia l g o r i t maa d a l a h p r o s e sp e n y e l e s a i a nma s a l a hy a n gme n g g u n a k a nl a n g k a h–l a n g k a hy a n gd i s u s u ns e c a r as i s t e ma t i sd a n l o g i s L o g i sd a l a ma l g o r i t maa d a l a hk a t ak u n c iu n t u kme n y e l e s a i k a n ,k a r e n al a n g k a h–l a n g k a hd a a m p r o s e sa l g o r i t mah a r u sl o g i sd a nh a r u sd a p a tme n e n t u k a nb e r n i l a ib e n a t a us a l a h J i k aa d aa l g o r i t ma p a s t ia d ap r o g r a m,p r o g r a ma d a l a hk u mp u l a np e r n y a t a a nk o mp u t e ry a n gme mp u n y a ime t o d ed a n t a h a p a ns i s t e ma t i sd a l a m p r o g r a m a l g o r i t ma Pr o g r a m d i t u l i sd e n g a n me n g g u n a k a nb a h a s a p e mr o g r a ma n J a d ib i s ad i s e b u tb a h wap r o g r a ma d a l a hs u a t ui mp l e me n t a s id a r ib a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma n Me mr o g r a ma na d a l a hb e l a j a rt e n t a n gme t o d o l o g ip e me c a h a nma s a l a h ,k e mu d i a nme n u a n g k a n n y a d a l a ms u a t un o t a s it e r t e n t uy a n gmu d a hd i b a c ad a nd i p a h a mi Da ns e d a n g k a nb a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma n a d a l a hb e l a j a rme ma k a is u a t ub a h a s aa t u r a n–a t u r a nt a t ab a h a s a n y a ,p e r n y a t a a n–p e r n y a t a a n n y a , t a t ac a r ap e n g o p e r a s i a nc o mp i l e r n y a ,d a nme ma a f k a np e r n y a t a a n– p e r n y a t a a nt e r s e b u tu n t u k me mb u a r o g r a my a n gd i t u l i sd e n g a nb a h a s t us a j a Ba h a s ap e mr o g r a ma na d ab e b e r a p ama c a m t e t a p i y a n gb i a s ad i p a k a i a d a l a hb a h a s aC, C++, J AVA, PHYTON, d a nPASCAL Ka t ak u n c i :Al g o r i t ma , Pr o g r a m, d a nBa h a s aPe mr o g r a ma n BAB1 PE NDAHUL UAN Al g o r i t mad a nPe mr o g r a ma n Se j a r l g o r i t ma d i t e mu k a no l e hi l mu a ny a n gd i a mb i ld a r ik a t an a map e n u l i sb u k ua r a b y a n gt e r k e n a ly a i t uAb uJ a ’ f a rMu h a mma dI b n uMu s aAl Kh u wa r i z mi Ka t aAl Kh u wa r i z mi d i b a c ao r a n gb a r a tme n j a d ia l g o r i t ma Be g i t u l a hs i n g k a ts e j a r a hd a r ia l g o r i t ma Al g o r i t ma d i b a g i me n j a d i b e b e r a p ag o l o n g a n , y a i t us e b a g i b e r i u t : a Al g o r i t maNo t a s i b Al g o r i t maPs e u d o c d e c Al g o r i t maFl o wc h a t Be r i k u ts e d i k i e n g e r t i a nd a r i b e b r a p ama c a ma l g o r i t mad i a t a s : Al g o r i t maNo t a s i Al g o r i t man o t a s ia d a l a hs e b u l g o r i t may a n gd i t u l i sd e n g a nme n g g u n a k a np e r i n t a h –p e r i n t a hd a l a mk e s e h a r i a n ( ma n u s i a wi ) Al g o r i t maPs e u d o c o d e Al g o r i t map s e u d o c o d ea d a l a hk o d eb a h a s ay a n gme n g g u n a k a nd e k l a r a s i , n i l a i , k e t e r a n g a n , f u n g s i , d a np e n g a n d a i a ns e p e r t i : a I n t e g e ry a i t ume wa k i l i n o me rd a na n g k a b Ch a r a c t e ry a i t ume wa k i l i a j b j a da t a uh u r u f c Fu n g s i y a i t ud e k l a r a s i y a n gd i g u n a k a nu n t u kme n y e b u t k a ns u a t up r o g r a m Al g o r i t maFl o wc h a t Al g o r i t maf l o wc h a d a l l g o r i t may a n gme n g g u n a k a nf u n g s i–f u n g s if l o wc h a t a u s h a p e c h a r tme mn j a d i s e b u l u rp r o g r a mu n t u kme n y e l e s a i k a na l u rs e b u a hp r o g r a m Ba h a s ad a l a mAl g o r i t ma Ba h a s aa t a ud a l a mb a h a s n g g r i sl a n g u a g ea d a l a hs u a t us i s t i mu n t u kb e r k o mu n i k a s i Ba h a s a t e r t u l i s me n g g u n a k a ns i mb o l( y a i t uh u r u f )u n t u k me mb e n t u kk a t a Da l a m i l mu k o mp u t e r , b a h a s ama n u s i ad i s e b u tb a h a s aa l a mi a h( n a t u r a ll a n g u a g e s ) , d i ma n ak o mp u t e rt i d a k b i s ame ma h a mi n y a ,s e h i n g g ad i p e r l u k a ns u a t ub a h a s ak o mp u t e r Ko mp u t e rme n g e r j a k a n t r a n s f o r ma s id a t ab e r d a s a r k a nk u mp u l a np e r i n t a h-p r o g r a m -y a n gt e l a hd i b u a to l e h p e mr o g r a m.Ku mp u l a np e r i n t a hi n ih a r u sd i me n g e r t io l e hk o mp u t e r ,b e r s t r u k t u rt e r t e n t u ( s y n t a x )d a nb e r ma k n a Ba h a s ap e mr o g r a ma nme r u p a k a nn o t a s iu n t u kme mb e r i k a ns e c a r at e p a r o g r a m k o mp u t e r Be r b e d ad e n g a nb a h a s aa l a mi a h ,mi s Ba h a s aI n d o n e s i a ,I n g g r i sd s b y a n gme r u p a k a nb a h a s a a l a mi a h ( n a t u r a ll a n g u a g e ) ,s i n t a k sd a ns e ma n t i kb a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma n( k o mp u t e r )d i t e n t u k a n s e c a r ak a k u ,s e h i n g g ab a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma nj u g ad i s e b u ts e b a g a ib a h a s af o r ma l( f o r ma l l a n g u a g e ) J a d i ,d a l a mb a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma ny a n gd i g u n a k a ns e b a g a ia l a tk o mu n i k a s iu n t u k me mb e r i k a np e r i n t a hk e p a d ak o mp u t e rt i d a kb e r l a k uk e b e b a s a nb e r e k s p r e s is e p e r t il a i k n y a d a l a mb a h a s aa l a mi a h Ad ab e b e r a b at i n g k a t a nb a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma ny a i t us e b a g i b e r i k u t : Ba h a s aTi n g k a t a nRe n d a h Me r u p a k a nb a h a s aa s s e mb l ya t a ub a h a s ame s i n Ba h a s n il e b i hd e k a tk eme s i n ( h a r d wa r e ) ,d i ma n ap a d ah i g h l e v e lp r o g r a mmi n gl a n g u a g e s ,s u a t ub a h a s ay a n g s u d a hd e k a a d ab a h a s ama n u s i a Pa d ab a h a s n ia k a nl e b i hc e p a td i p a h a mio l e h p r o g r a mme rk a r e n as i f a t n y ay a n gd e k a td e n g a nb a h a s ama n u s i a Ba h a s aMe s i n Ba h a s ame s i nme r u p a k a nr e p r e s e n t a s it e r t u l i sma c h i n ec o d e( k o d eme s i n ) ,y a i t uk o d e o p e r a s is u a t ume s i nt e r t e n t u Ba h a s n ib e r s i f a tk h u s u su n t u kme s i nt e r t e n t ud a n " d i me n g e r t i "l a n g s u n go l e hme s i n ,s e h i n g g ap e l a k s a n a a np r o s e ss a n g a tc e p a t Ba h a s a me s i nk e l o mp o kk o mp u t e rt e r t e n t ub e r l a i n a nd e n g a nb a h a s ame s i nk e l o mp o kk o mp u t e r y a n gl a i n Ab s t r a k s ib a h a s n ia d a l a hk u mp u l a nk o mb i n a s ik o d eb i n e r" "d a n" " y a n gs a n g a tt i d a ka l a mi a hb a g ik e b a n y a k a no r a n g-k e c u a l ii n s i n y u rp e mb u a tme s i n k o mp u t e r Ka r e n at i d a ka l a mi a hb a g ik e b a n y a k a no r a n g ,b a h a s ame s i nj u g ad i s e b u t b a h a s at i n g k a tr e n d a h Ba h a s aAs s e mb l y Ba h a s ar a k i t a n( a s s e mb l yl a n g u a g e )me r u p a k a nn o t a s iu n t u kme n y a j i k a nb a h a s a me s i ny a n gl e b i hmu d a hd i b a c ad a nd i p a h a mio l e hma n u s i a Ba h a s n is u d a h me n g g u n a k a ns i mb o la l p a b e ty a n gb e r ma k n a( mn e mo n i c ) Co n t o h“ MOVAX1 1 ” , p i n d a h k a nk er e g i s t e rAXn i l a i1 1 Pr o s e sd a t ao l e hk o mp u t e rb e r d a s a r k a np e r i n t a h b a h a s ar a k i t a na d a l a hc e p a t Me s k id e mi k i a n ma s i h me r e p o t k a n b a h k a nb a g i k e b a n y a k a np e mr o g r a m,k a r e n ama s i hh a r u sme n g i n g a t i n g a tt e mp a e n y i mp a n a n d a t a Ba h a s ar a k i t a nj u g ab e r s i f a tk h u s u su n t u kme s i nt e r t e n t u Co n t o h :As s e mb l e r Ba h a s aTi n g k a tTi n g g i Ba h a s aTi n g k a tTi n g g i Ad a l a hb a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma ny a n gd e k a td e n g a nb a h a s a ma n u s i a ,k e l e b i h a nu t a mad a r ib a h a s n ia d a l a hmu d a hu n t u kd ib a c a ,t u l i s ,ma u p u n d i p e r b a h a r u i ,s e b e l u mb i s ad i j a l a n k a np r o g r a mh a r u st e r l e b i hd a h u l ud i c o mp i l e Co n t o hAd a , Al g o l , BASI C, COBOL , C, C++, FORTRAN, L I SP, d a nPa s c a l , d s b Pa d a g e n e r a s ib a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma nt e r a k h i rs e k a r a n gi n i ,k e d u ac a r n t e r p r e t a s id a n k o mp i l a s i d i g a b u n g k a n d a l a m s a t u l i n g k u n g a n p e n g e mb a n g a n t e r p a d u ( I DE =i n t e g r a t d e v e l o p me n te n v i r o n me n t ) Ba h a s at i n g k a tt i n g g i b e r s i f a o r t a b l e Pr o g r a my a n g d i b u a tme n g g u n a k a nb a h a s at i n g k a tt i n g g ip a d as u a t ume s i nk o mp u t e rb e r s i s t e m o p e r a s it e r t e n t u ,h a mp i r1 0 %b i s ad i g u n a k a np a d ab e r b a g a ime s i nd e n g a na n e k a s i s t e mo p e r a s i Ka l a u p u na d ap e r b a i k a ns i f a t n y ak e c i ls e k a l i Ba h a s aGe n e r a s i 3&8 L e b i hd e k a tk eb a h a s a ma n u s i ad i b a n d i n g k a nd e n g a nh i g h l e v e lp r o g r a mmi n g l a n g u a g e s Bi a s a n y ad i p a k a iu n t u kme n g a k s e sd a t a b a s e Co n t o hp e r i n t a hp a d ab a h a s a SQL :FI NDAL LRE CORDSWHE RENAMEI S" J OHN" Ba h a s aPe mr o g r a ma nu n t u kTu j u a nTe r t e n t u Di b a wa hi n ime r u p a k a nBa h a s aPe mr o g r a ma nu n t u kt u j u a nt e r t e n t u ( Mc Co n n e l l ,h 6) Ta b e lRa s i op e r n y a t a a nb a h a s at i n g k a tt i n g g i d e n g a nk o d eb a h a s ar a k i t a ny a n gs e t a r a ( Mc Co n n e l l , h4 6) Co mp i l e rd a nI n t e r p r e t e r Co mp i l e rAd a l a hs u a t up r o g r a my a n gme n t e r j e ma h k a nb a h a s ap r o g r a m( s o u r c ec o d e )k e d a l a mb a h a s ao b j e k( o b j e c tc o d e ) Co mp i l e rme n g g a b u n g k a nk e s e l u r u h a nb a h a s ap r o g r a m d i k u mp u l k a nk e mu d i a nd i s u s u nk e mb a l i Ta h a p a nKo mp i l a s i Da l a m me l a k u k a np e n u l i s a nb a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma nk o mp u t e d ab e b e r a p a t a h a p a n t a h a p a ny a n gh a r u sd i l a k u k a na n t a r al a i n :Pe r t a mas o u r c ec o d e(p r o g r a m y a n gd i t u l i s )d i b a c ak eme mo r yk o mp u t e r So u r c ec o d et e r s e b u td i u b a hme n j a d i o b j e c tc o d e( b a h a s aa s s e mb l y ) Ob j e c tc o d ed i h u b u n g k a nd e n g a nl i b r a r yy a n g d i b u t u h k a nu n t u kme mb e n t u kf i l ey a n gb i s ad ie k s e k u s i Co mp i l e rme me r l u k a nwa k t u u n t u kme mb u a ts u a t up r o g r a my a n gd a p a td i e k s e k u s i o l e hk o mp u t e r Te t a p i , p r o g r a m y a n gd i p r o d u k s io l e hCo mp i l e rb i s ab e r j a l a nl e b i hc e p a td i b a n d i n g k a nd e n g a ny a n g d i p r o d u k s i o l e hI n t e r p r e t e r , d a nb e r s i f a ti n d e p e n d e n I n t e r p r e t e r Da l a m me l a k u k a np e n u l i s a nb a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma nk o mp u t e d ab e b e r a p a t a h a p a n t a h a p a ny a n gh a r u sd i l a k u k a na n t a r al a i n :Pe r t a mas o u r c ec o d e(p r o g r a m y a n gd i t u l i s )d i b a c ak eme mo r yk o mp u t e r So u r c ec o d et e r s e b u td i u b a hme n j a d i o b j e c tc o d e( b a h a s aa s s e mb l y ) Ob j e c tc o d ed i h u b u n g k a nd e n g a nl i b r a r yy a n g d i b u t u h k a nu n t u kme mb e n t u kf i l ey a n gb i s ad ie k s e k u s i Co mp i l e rme me r l u k a nwa k t u u n t u kme mb u a ts u a t up r o g r a my a n gd a p a td i e k s e k u s i o l e hk o mp u t e r Te t a p i , p r o g r a m y a n gd i p r o d u k s io l e hCo mp i l e rb i s ab e r j a l a nl e b i hc e p a td i b a n d i n g k a nd e n g a ny a n g d i p r o d u k s i o l e hI n t e r p r e t e r , d a nb e r s i f a ti n d e p e n d e n Ti p ePe mr o g r a ma n Da l a mBa h a s ap e mr o g r a ma nk o mp u t e rt e r d a p a tt i p ep e mr o g r a ma n Ti p ep e mr o g r a ma n y a n gp e r t a maa d a l a hp e mr o g r a ma nt e r s t r u k t u rd a np r o s e d u r a l Pe mr o g r a ma nTe r s t r u k t u r Pe mr o g r a ma nt e r s t r u k t u d a l a hc a r ap e mr o s e s a nd a t ay a n gt e r s t u k t u r Te r s t r u k t u rd a l a m:a n a l i s a ,c a r ad a np e n u l i s a np r o g r a m.Pr i n s i pp e mr o g r a ma n t e r s t r u k t u d a l a hme mp u n y a i c i r i s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : a Me n g g u n a k a nr a n c a n g a np e n d e k a t a nd a r ia t a sk eb a wa h( t o p d o wn d e s i g n ) , Me mb a g i p r o g r a mk ed a l a mmo d u l mo d u ll o g i k ay a n gs e j e n i s , b Me n g g u n a k a ns u b p r o g r a mu n t u kp r o s e s p r o s e ss e j e n i sy a n gs e r i n gd i g u n a k a n , c Me n g g u n a k a np e n g k o d e a nt e r s t r u k t u r :I F .THE N, DO WHI L Ed a nl a i n l a i n n y a , d Me n g h i n d a r i p e n g g u n a a np e r i n t a hGOTOb i l at i d a kd i p e r l u k a n , e Gu n a k a nn a ma n a mab e r ma k n a( mn e mo n i cn a me s ) , d a n f Me mb u a td o k u me n t a s iy a n ga k u r a td a nb e r a r t i Da l a mp e r e n c a n a a nd a n p e r a n c a n g a nd a r ia t a sk eb a wa h , k a t e g o r id a np e n y e l e s a i a nma s a l a hd i mu l a id a r i b a g i a ny a n gu t a mak e mu d i a nd i b a g ime n j a d ib a g i a ny a n gl e b i hk e c i l Ra n c a n g a n c a r n ime mu d a h k a np e n u l i s a n ,p e n g u j i a n ,k o r e k s id a nd o k u me n t a s ip r o g r a m Ta h a p a nr a n c a n g a na t a sk eb a wa hd a l a mp e mr o g r a ma n : g Te n t u k a nk e l u a r a n( o u t p u t )y a n gd i mi n t a ,ma s u k a n( i n p u t )y a n gd i p e r l u k a nd a n p r o s e s p r o s e su t a may a n gd i p e r l u k a nu n t u kt r a n s f o r ma s i d a t a h Me mb a g i p r o s e su t a mak ed a l a mmo d u l mo d u lf u n g s i o n a l i Bu a ta l g o r i t mams i n g ma s i n gmo d u l ,d a r imo d u lu t a mak es u b s u bmo d u l Se t i a p mo d u ld a l a mp r o s e sr a n c a n g a na t a sk eb a wa hb i a s a n y ad i b a t a s i d a l a mi s i ma u p u n b a t a s a n b a t a s a nb e r i k u t : j Se t i a pmo d u lh a n y ame mp u n y a i s a t uma s u k a nd a nk e l u a r a n k Se t i a p mo d u lh a n y ame wa k i l is a t uf u n g s ip r o g r a m Ra n c a n g a n( d e s i g n ) t e r s t r u k t u r : l Me mb a g i p r o g r a mme n j a d i s u b p r o g r a m m.Me n e k a n k a nf u n g s i o n a l i t a s n Co c o ku n t u ks i s t e my a n gb a n y a kme mp u n y a if u n g s ii n d e p e n d e n Ga y ap e n u l i s a n p r o g r a mt e r s t r u k t u r :Me n g g u n a k a ni n d e n t a s is e h i n g g aj e l a ss t r u k t u rd a nk o n t r o l p r o g r a m.Me mu d a h k a np e mb a c a a n ,p e ma h a ma n ,p e n e l u s u r a nk e s a l a h a nd a n p e mb u a t a nk o r e k s i Pe mr o g r a ma nPr o c e d u r a ld a nt e r s t r u k t t u r Ba h a s ap e mr o g r a ma np r o s e d u r a la d a l a hb a h a s ap e mr o g r a ma ny a n g me n d u k u n gp e mb u a t a np r o g r a ms e b a g a ik u mp u l a np r o s e d u r Pr o s e d u r p r o s e d u ri n i d a p a ts a l i n gme ma n g g i ld a nd i p a n g g i ld a r ima n a p u nd a l a mp r o g r a md a nd a p a t me n g g u n a k a np a r a me t e ry a n gb e r b e d a b e d au n t u ks e t i a pp e ma n g g i l a n Pr o s e d u r a d a l a hb a g i a nd a r ip r o g r a mu n t u kme l a k u k a no p e r a s i o p e r a s iy a n gs u d a hd i t e n t u k a n d e n g a nme n g g u n a k a np a r a me t e rt e r t e n t u Ba h a s ap e mr o g r a ma nt e r s t r u k t u d a l a h p e mr o g r a ma ny a n gme n d u k u n ga b s t r a k s id a t a ,p e n g k o d e a nt e r s t r u k t u rd a nk o n t r o l p r o g r a mt e r s t r u k t u r Ko n t r o lp r o g r a mt e r s t r u k t u d a l a hs e b a g a i b e r i k u t : Ru n t u n-u r u t( s e q u e n c e ) Pi l i h a n( s e l e c t i o n ) Pe n g u l a n g a n( r e p e t i t i o n-l o o p ) Ba t a s a nMa s a l a hMe r e n c a n a k a ns i s t i md a ns p e s i f i k a s ip r o g r a m:Si a p ay a n ga k a n me n g g u n a k a np r o g r a md a nu n t u ka p a ?De n g a nc a r a : a Me n e n t u k a nt u j u a nd a nh a s i ly a n ga k a nd i c a p a i b Me n e n t u k a nh a l h a ly a n gd i p e r l u k a no l e hs i s t i m Pe n g u mp u l a nd a t a Pe n g e mb a n g a nMo d e l Pe mb u a t a nmo d e ld a r is i s t i my a n ga k a nk i t ab a n g u n ,mo d e la d a l a hs u a t u g a mb a r a ns e d e r h a n ad a r is i s t i my a n gk i t ab u a t De n g a np e mb u a t a nmo d e la k a n t e r l i h a td e n g a nj e l a sh u b u n g a na n t a r ao b j e k o b j e kd a l a ms i s t i my a n ga k a nk i t a b a n g u n Un t u kp e n y e l e s a i a na r i t ma t i k , b i a s a n y amo d e ld i b u a td a l a mb e n t u kr u mu s ma t e ma t i k Co n t o h :u n t u kme mb u a r o g r a ml u a s _ l i n g k a r a nk i t ame mb u a tmo d e l ma t e ma t i s c=a x b 6.Ra n c a n g a na l g o r i t maPe mb u a t a nu r u t a ni n s t r u k s iy a n ga k a nd i t u l i sp a d ap r o g r a m (d i j e l a s k a nl e b i hl a n j u t ) 7.Pe mr o g r a ma nI mp l e me n t a s ia l g o r i t mak ed a l a mp r o g r a m( a l g o r i t mas e n d i r i d a l a mk o mp u t e d a l a hme r u p a k a np r o g r a m) Uj i d a nVa l i d a s i Pe n g u j i a nt e r h a d a pp r o g r a m:s e p e r t i k e s a l a h a np e n u l i s a n( s y n t a x e r r o r ),k e s a l a h a ns a a te k s e k u s i( r u n t i mee r r o r )k e s a l a h a nl o g i k ap r o g r a m ( p r o g r a mb e r j a l a nt a p i me n g h a s i l k a no u t p u ty a n gs a l a h -f a t a le r r o r ) Do k u me n t a s i Pe mb u a t a nc a t a t a np a d ap r o g r a mt e r u t a map a d amo d u l mo d u ly a n gr u mi t Fu n g s i Fu n g s ia d a l a hs u a t ub a g i a nd a r ip r o g r a my a n gd i r a n c a n gu n t u kme l a k s a n a k a nt u g a st e r t e n t u d a nl e t a k n y ad i p i s a h k a nd a r ip r o g r a my a n gme n g g u n a k a n n y a E l e me nu t a mad a r ip r o g r a m b a h a s aCb e r u p af u n g s i f u n g s i , d a l a mh a li n ip r o g r a md a r ib a h a s aCd i b e n t u kd a r ik u mp u l a n f u n g s ip u s t a k a( s t a n d a r )d a nf u n g s iy a n gd i b u a ts e n d i r io l e hp e mr o g r a m.Fu n g s ib a n y a k d i g u n a k a np a d ap r o g r a mCd e n g a nt u j u a n: a Pr o g r a m me n j a d it e r s t r u k t u r ,s e h i n g g amu d a hd i p a h a mid a nmu d a hd i k e mb a n g k a n De n g a nme mi s a h k a nl a n g k a h l a n g k a hd e t a i lk es a t ua t a ul e b i hf u n g s i f u n g s i ,ma k af u n g s i u t a ma( ma i n ( ) )me n j a d i l e b i hp e n d e k , j e l a sd a nmu d a hd i me n g e r t i b Da p a tme n g u r a n g ip e n g u l a n g a n( d u p l i k a s i )k o d e L a n g k a h l a n g k a hp r o g r a my a n gs a ma d a nd i p a k a i b e r u l a n g u l a n gd i p r o g r a md a p a td i t u l i s k a ns e k a l i s a j as e c a r at e r p i s a hd a l a m b e n t u kf u n g s i f u n g s i Se l a n j u t n y ab a g i a np r o g r a my a n gme mb u t u h k a nl a n g k a h l a n g k a h i n i t i d a kp e r l us e l a l ume n u l i s k a n n y a , t e t a p i c u k u pme ma n g g i l f u n g s i f u n g s i t e r s e b u t Da s a rFu n g s i Fu n g s i s t a n d a rCy a n gme n g e mb a nt u g a sk h u s u sc o n t o h n y aa d a l a h; p r i n t f ( ), y a i t uu n t u kme n a mp i l k a ni n f o r ma s i a t a ud a t ak el a y a r s c a n f ( ), y a i t uu n t u kme mb a c ak o d et o mb o ly a n gd i i n p u t k a n Pa d au mu mn y af u n g s ime me r l u k a nn i l a ima s u k a na t a up a r a me t e ry a n gd i s e b u t s e b a g a ia r g u me n Ni l a ima s u k a ni n ia k a nd i o l a ho l e hf u n g s i Ha s i la k h i rf u n g s i b e r u p as e b u a hn i l a i( d i s e b u ts e b a g a ir e t u r nv a l u ea t a un i l a ik e l u a r a nf u n g s i ) Ol e h k a r e n t uf u n g s is e r i n gd i g a mb a r k a ns e b a g a i" k o t a kg e l a p " Pe n g g a mb a r a ns e b a g a i k o t a kg e l a pd ia n t a r a n y ame n j e l a s k a nb a h wab a g i a nd a l a mf u n g s ib e r s i f a r i b a d i b a g if u n g s i Ta ka d as u a t up e r n y a t a a nd il u a rf u n g s iy a n gb i s ame n g a k s e sb a g i a n d a l a mf u n g s i ,s e l a i nme l a l u ip a r a me t e r( a t a uv a r i a b e le k s t e r n a ly a n ga k a nd i b a h a s b e l a k a n g a n ) Mi s a l n y ame l a k u k a ng o t od a r i p e r n y a t a a nd i l u a rf u n g s i k ep e r n y a t a a n d a l a mf u n g s i a d a l a ht i d a kd i p e r k e n a n k a n Me mb e r i k a nNi l a i Ke l u a r a nFu n g s i Su a t uf u n g s id i b u a tu n t u kma k s u dme n y e l e s a i k a nt u g a st e r t e n t u Su a t uf u n g s i d a p a th a n y ame l a k u k a ns u a t ut u g a ss a j at a n p ame mb e r i k a ns u a t uh a s i lk e l u a r a n a t a ume l a k u k a ns u a t ut u g a sd a nk e mu d i a nme mb e r i k a nh a s i lk e l u a r a n Fu n g s iy a n g h a n y ame l a k u k a ns u a t ut u g a ss a j at a n p ame mb e r i k a nh a s i lk e l u a r a nmi s a l n y aa d a l a h f u n g s iu n t u kme n a mp i l k a nh a s i ld il a y a r Da l a mt u b u hf u n g s i ,p e r n y a t a a ny a n g d i g u n a k a nu n t u kme mb e r i k a nn i l a ik e l u a r a nf u n g s ib e r u p ar e t u r n Se b a g a ic o n t o h , p a d af u n g s i i n i s i a l i s a s i ( )d i a t a st e r d a p a e r n y a t a a n r e t u r n ( ) ; me r u p a k a np e r n y a t a a nu n t u kme mb e r i k a nn i l a i k e l u a r a nf u n g s i b e r u p an o l Va r i a b e l Su a t uv a r i a b e l ,d is a mp i n gd a p a td i g o l o n g k a nb e r d a s a r k a nj e n i s / t i p ed a t aj u g ad a p a t d i k l a s i f i k a s i k a nb e r d a s a r k a nk e l a sp e n y i mp a n a n( s t o r a g ec l a s s ) Pe n g g o l o n g a nb e r d a s a r k a n k e l a sp e n y i mp a n a nb e r u p a: v a r i a b e l l o c a l v a r i a b e l e k s t e r n a l v a r i a b e l s t a t i s v a r i a b e l r e g i s t e r b e r i k u e n j e l a s a nl e b i hl a n j u t Va r i a b e ll o c a l Va r i a b e ll o k a la d a l a hv a r i a b e l y a n gd i d e k l a r a s i k a nd a l a mf u n g s i , d e n g a ns i f a t: a s e c a r ao t o ma t i sd i c i p t a k a nk e t i k af u n g s i d i p a n g g i ld a na k a ns i r n a( l e n y a p )k e t i k a e k s e k u s i t e r h a d a pf u n g s i b e r a k h i r b Ha n y ad i k e n a lo l e hf u n g s i t e mp a tv a r i a b e lt e r s e b u td i d e k l a r a s i k a n c Ti d a ka d n i s i a l i s a s is e c a r ao t o ma t i s( s a a tv a r i a b e ld i c i p t a k a n ,n i l a i n y at a k me n e n t u ) Da l a mb a n y a kl i t e r a t u r ,v a r i a b e ll o k a ld i s e b u tj u g ad e n g a nv a r i a b e lo t o ma t i s Va r i a b e ly a n gt e r ma s u kd a l a m g o l o n g a ni n ib i s ad i d e k l a r a s i k a nd e n g a n me n a mb a h k a nk a t ak u c ia u t od id e p a nt i p e d a t av a r i a b e l Ka t ak u n c ii n ib e r s i f a t o p s i o n a l ,b i a s a n y ad i s e r t a k a ns e b a g a ip e n j e l a ss a j a Pe n e r a p a nv a r i a b e ll o k a ly a i t u b i l av a r i a b e lh a n y ad i p a k a io l e hs u a t uf u n g s i( t i d a kd i ma k s u d k a nu n t u kd i p a k a io l e h f u n g s i y a n gl a i n ) Va r i a b e lE k s t e r n a l Va r i a b e le k s t e r n a lme r u p a k a nv a r i a b e ly a n gd i d e k l a r a s i k a nd il u a rf u n g s i ,d e n g a n s i f a t: a d a p a td i a k s e so l e hs e mu af u n g s i b k a l a ut a kd i b e r i n i l a i , s e c a r ao t o ma t i sd i i n i s i a l i s a s i d e n g a nn i l a i s a mad e n g a nn o l Co n t o hv a r i a b e le k s t e r n a la d ap d ap r o g r a me k s t e r n cy a i t ub e r u p av a r i a b e li Pa d a p e n d e k l a r a s i a n i n ti =2 73 ; me n y a t a k a nb a h waime r u p a k a nv a r i a b e le k s t e r n a ld a nd i b e r in i l a ia wa ls a mad e n a n 73 Ni l a id a r iv a r i a b e lis e l a n j u t n y ad a p a td i u b a ho l e hf u n g s it a mb a h ( )ma u p u n ma i n ( ) Se t i a pf u n g s i t a mb a h ( )d i p a n g g i l ma k an i l a i i a k a nb e r t a mb a hs a t u Va r i a b e lSt a t i s Va r i a b e ls t a t i sd a p a tb e r u p av a r i a b e li n t e r n a l( d i d e f i n i s i k a nd i d a l a mf u n g s i )ma u p u n v a r i a b e le k s t e r n a l Si f a tv a r i a b e l i n i : a Ka l a uv a r i a b e ls t a t i sb e r s i f a ti n t e r n a l ,ma k av a r i a b e lh a n y ad i k e n a lo l e hf u n g s i t e mp a tv a r i a b e ld i d e k l a r a s i k a n b Ka l a uv a r i a b e ls t a t i sb e r s i f a te k s t e r n a l ,ma k av a r i a b e ld a p a td i p e r g u n a k a no l e h s e mu af u n g s iy a n gt e r l e t a kp a d af i l ey a n gs a ma ,t e mp a tv a r i a b e ls t a t i s d i d e k l a r a s i k a n c Be r b e d ad e n g a nv a r i a b e ll o k a l , v a r i a b e ls t a t i st i d a ka k a nh i l a n gs e k e l u a r n y ad a r i f u n g s i ( n i l a i p a d av a r i a b e l a k a nt e t a pd i i n g a t ) d I n i s i a l i s a s ia k a nd i l a k u k a nh a n y as e k a l i ,y a i t us a a tf u n g s id i p a n g g i ly a n g p e r t a mak a l i Ka l a ut a ka d n i s i a l i s a s io l e hp e mr o g r a ms e c a r ao t o ma t i sa k a n d i b e r i n i l a i a wa l n o l Va r i a b e ls t a t i sd i p e r o l e hd e n g a nme n a mb a h k a nk a t ak u n c is t a t i cd id e p a nt i p ed a t a v a r i a b e l Va r i a b e lRe g i s t e r Va r i a b e lr e g i s t e d a l a hv a r i a b e ly a n gn i l a i n y ad i s i mp a nd a l a mr e g i s t e rd a nb u k a n d a l a mme mo r iRAM.Va r i a b e ly a n gs e p e r t ii n ih a n y ab i s ad i t e r a p k a np a d av a r i a b e l y a n gl o k a la t a up a r a me t e rf o r ma l , y a n gb e r t i p ec h a t a ui n t Va r i a b e lr e g i s t e rb i a s a d i t e r a p k a np a d av a r i a b e ly a n gd i g u n a k a ns e b a g a ip e n g e n d a l il o o p Tu j u a n n y au n t u k me mp e r c e p a r o s e sd a l a ml o o p Se b a bv a r i a b e ly a n gd i o p e r a s i k a np a d ar e g i s t e r me mi l i k ik e c e p a t a ny a n gj a u hl e b i ht i n g g id a r i p a d av a r i a b e ly a n gd i l e t a k k a np a d a RAM BAB2 PE NUTUP 1Ke s i mp i u l a n I mp e r a t i v ep r o g r a mb e r a n a l o g id i b a wa hb a h a s ap e mo g r a ma ny a n gme ma c ua t a ub e r o r i e n t a s i p a d ao b j e ko b j e ks y s t e mi n f o r ma s iy a n gme n g a r a hp a d as y s t e mi n f o r ma s i Pe mb u a t a np r o g r a m p r o g r a mk o mp u t e rd e n g a np e n g u a s a a nd a t ay a n ga d ap a d ab a h a s ap e mo g r a ma nu n t u kd i k u a s a i a g a rme n j a d is e o r a n gp r o g r a mme rh a n d a l Be b e r a p as u bd a r ib i d a n gp e mo g r a ma ni mp e r a t i v e d i a n t a r a n y aa d a l a h v a r i a b l ed a np e n u g a s a n;p e r i n t a ht i d a ks t r u k t u r;p e r i n t a ht i d a kt e r s t r u k t u r; s u b p r o g r a m, p r o s e d u rd a nf u n g s i ;d a np e n a n g a n a ne k s e p s i Me n g e n a l id a nme mb e r ic o n t o hv a r i a b l e d a np e n g u a s a a a n y a ,me n g e n a l ib e n t u kp e r i n t a ht i d a kt e r s t r u k t u r ,me n g e n a l ib e n t u kp e r i n t a h t e r s t r u k t u r ,d a p a tme n j e l a s k a nb e n t u k b e n t u k   s t r u k t u rc o n t r o l ,d a p a tme n u l i s k a ns u b p r o g r a m, p r o s e d u r ,d a nf u n g s i ,d a nd a p a tme n g e n a l is e r t ame n j e l a s k a nb e b e r a p ab e n t u ke k s e p s id a n p e n a n g a n a n y a Fu n g s id i g u n a k a nu n t u kme me c a hp r o g r a my a n gb e s a rme n j a d ip r o g r a mp r o g r a mk e c i ls e s u a i d e n g a nf u n g s ima s i n g ma s i n g Fu n g s ib i s ame mb e r i k a nn i l a ib a l i kd a nb i s at a n p ame mb e r i k a nn i l a i b a l i kk e p a d af u n g s iy a n gme ma n g g i l n y a Fu n g s iy a n gme mb e r i k a nn i l a ib a l i kh a r u sme mi l i k it i p e d a nd i t u l i sd i d e p a nn a maf u n g s i Bi l af u n g s it i d a kme mb e r i k a nn i l a ib a l i kma k af u n g s it e r s e b u t b e r t i p e“ v o i d“d a nd i t u l i sd i d e p a nn a maf u n g s i DAFTARPUSAKA  h t t p : / / www a c a d e mi a e d u / 79 / p e d o ma n p e mb e l a j a r a n a l g o r i t ma p e mr o g r a ma n  p r a s e t y oA , NMAd h e , 8p e d o ma n p e mb e l a j a r a n a l g o r i t ma p e mr o g r a ma nd a s a r a c a d e mi a e d u  h t t p s : / / l i b r a r y e k a b l o g s p o t c o i d / / / s e j a r a h d a n p e n g e r t i a n c b e s e r t a f u n g s i -h t ml  h t t p s : / / t i me f o r k n o wl e d g e i d n wo r d p r e s s c o m/ / / / p o s b l o g p e r t a ma  h t t p s : / / d o c p l a y e r , i n f o / 8 7k u mp u l a n s y n t a x d a s a r c h t ml  h t t p s : / / a n g g a k u r n i a p r a t a ma b l o g s p o t c o m/ 6/ / s e j a r a h d a n p e r k e mb a n g a n c h t ml