NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THUONG MAI UNIVERSITY TOPIC : NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES THE TEACHER :PHẠM THÙY GIANG CLASS : 2112ENTH0621 GROUP Hanoi 2021 THE SUMMARY A, NOUNS I, NOUN CLASSES II, GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES B, FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES OF AN NP I, FUNCTIONS II, STRUCTURES C, REFERENCE AND ARTICLES D, BASIC NP I, PRE-DETERMINERS II, CENTRAL DETERMINERS III, POST- DETERMINERS E, COMPLEX NP I, PRE-MODIFICATION II, POST-MODIFICATION III, RESTRICTIVE & NON RESTRICTIVE IV, PERMANENT & TEMPORARY F, EXERCISES A, NOUNS I, NOUN CLASSES +) Traditional classification: English nouns Abstract Abstract Concrete Concrete Name intangible things, such as concepts, ideas, feelings, characteristics, attributes… Name people, places, animals, or things that are or were physically tangible That is they can or could be seen or touched or else have some defining physical properties E.g love, hate, happiness, beauty, health… E.g rocks, lake, people, water… +) Modern classification: English nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Count Abstract Non-count Concrete Abstract Concrete  Proper nouns: are also usually concrete, as they describe unique people, places or things E.g Mary, The Queen, my MacBook… - Common nouns: - Count nouns: are nouns that can be counted as individual units + Abstract: a conversation – conversations An emergency – several emergencies An aspiration – many aspirations + Concrete: a cup – cups An ambulance – several ambulances A person – many people - Non-count nouns: + Abstract: a large number of abstract nouns are uncountable These are usually ideas or attributes Ideas or concepts: love, hate, knowledge… Attributes: beauty, intelligence, permanence… Abstract uncountable: As with countable nouns, though, we can sometimes use the definite article the: E.g I can’t stand watching the news Can you believe the arrogance he exhibits? + Concrete: that are uncountable tend to be substances or collective categories of things Substances: wood, smoke, air, water… Collective categories: furniture, homework, luggage… However, uncountable nouns can sometimes take the definite article the, because it does not specify an amount: E.g They’re swimming in the water The homework this week is hard II, GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES +) Number: Invariables: nouns that not vary, a constant Singular invariables Plural invariables Concrete non-count nouns: rice, furniture Abstract non-count nouns: freedom, literature Proper name: The Times, Tom Some nouns ending in –s: news, measles Abstract adjectival heads: the beautiful Summation plurals/dual object plurals: tongs, pants Other pluralia tantum in –s: archives, greens Some plural proper nouns: the Philippines Unmarked plural nouns: people, police Personal adjectival heads: the poor, the dead Variables: nouns that vary Regular plurals Irregular plurals Table -> tables Voicing: leaf -> leaves house -> houses Mutation: tooth -> teeth -en plural: child -> children Zero plural: sheep -> sheep Foreign: curriculum -> curricula, index -> indices +)Case: “s” genitive - With the nouns of higher gender class E.g Johnny‘s bike The cat’s basket “of” genitive Double genitive - Mostly for people and animals - With the nouns of lower gender class - Mostly for things -“Of” and “s” genitives used together E.g The name of the school The top floor of the building E.g A friend of Eric’s He isn’t a friend of Mr Collins’s He’s a friend of mine +) Gender: - English has a rather straightforward system of gender called natural gender There is not any further morphological feature that helps distinguish gender - Gender is expressed by inflection only in personal pronouns, and only in person, singular: he, she, it - The 1st and 2nd person forms: I, we, and you are common gender - While the 3rd person plural form they is either common gender or neuter (the people, they, the boats…) B, FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF NP I, FUNCTIONS -Subject: the noun phrase functions as the subject of a sentence Example: The girl is pretty The beautiful shirt is mine -Object (Oi, Od): the noun phrase functions as the object (indirect object and direct object) Example: My father gives my little sister a present on her birthday Oi Od -Complement of sentences (Cs, Co): the noun phrase also functions as the complement of a subject or object Example: Nate is my favourite fighter (Cs) I consider him a pet (Co) -Complement in prepositional phrase: the noun phrase functions as complement in prepositional phrase Example: The books are on the floor She is living in a big house -Appositive: the noun phrase functions as appositive Example: My friend, a teacher will come soon -Adverbial: the noun phrase functions as adverbial Example: Yesterday I bought a new computer -Adjectival complement: the noun phrase functions as adjectival complement Example: The game isn’t worth the candle II, STRUCTURES The noun phrase is typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head and other constituents as modifiers An English noun phrase has the following formula: Pre-modifiers + Head + Post-modifiers As we can see, a noun phrase consists of three parts: pre-modification, head, post-modification In a noun phrase, the head is obligatory but the Premodification and the Post-modification are optional As their names have suggested, the function of the pre-modification and post-modification is to elaborate or limit the head noun’s meaning Noun phrase gets its name from the head word C, REFERENCE AND ARTICLES +) GENERIC: Noun phrase refers to entity as representative of the whole class For exxample : a cat has four legs ( a cat = generic reference ) +) SPECIFIC: Noun phrase refers to a specific entity/ entities For exxample : this car has been under repair ( this car = specific reference) - Definite : referent :introduced , known, clear from the context Article ‘the’ - Indefinite : referent : introduced, known for first time from the context Articles : ‘a ,an’ or zero +) UNIQUE : When a proper noun is used, it has unique reference Article : normally Zero articl For example : John loves Mary ( unique reference ) D, BASIC NOUN PHRASE Words of closed – system used before a N to determine the prease meaning of the N I, PRE- DETERMINERS Mutually exclusive ; eg: all girls, both girls NOT all both girls +All - both - half - Occur only before articles (all the time) or demonstratives ( this, that) -> half these days, possessives ( my, his, her…) ->both his sisters - Do not occur with every, neither/either, each, some, any, no, enough - Take partitive “of - phrases” -> all of the time - Occur after the head, either, immediately or after the operation eg: They (all) were (all) accepted + Multiples (once, twice, threetime, double…) - Go with non - count nouns, plural nouns and singular nouns - Used to denote the quantity off the nouns eg: twice her age - Occur with the determiners “a, every, each, per,” to indicate frequency eg: Once a week, Three times each year… + Fractions ( one - third, three quarters, ) - Go with non count nouns, and with singular and plural nouns ● The fractions have the alternative of construction ● The indefinite article can replace one eg: He did it in one - third/ a third of the time it took me + Such, what - Occur before the head noun - Such: combined with “all, quantities, cardinal numbers eg: What/such a surprise II, CENTRAL DETERMINERS - There are six classes of determiners, classified according to their co occurrence with the noun classes + Articles: a, an, the + Possessive: my, his, their + Demonstrate: this, that, these + Indefinite Pronouns: every, either, neither, each, no + Indefinite quantitiers: any + WH - elements: Which, what, whose III, POST- DETERMINERS - Cardinal numberals: one, two, three - Ordinal numberals/general ordinals: next, last, additional, further, (an) other, past, the first time - Closed - system quantitiers: many (a) few, much, (a) little - Open class of phrasal quantitiers: + General partitives: a lot of, a piece of, a member of + Specific partitives: a herb of, a crowd of, a school of, a flock of + Measure: a pint of, a pound of 10 E, COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE contains three components: pre -modification, head noun and postmodification We are to deal with these components in turn I, PRE-MODIFICATION +) DETERMINERS a Articles : In noun phrases, the article usually comes first CD theT THE DEFINITE ARTICLES : A / AN Example : the United States, the Universe, the Earth, the Moon, the man over there, … Use the article "an": words that start with vowels (u, e, o, a, i) Use the article "a": words that start with consonants (t, f, d, h, j, k, )  For example: a man, a woman, a book, a store, b Qualifiers In a noun phrase, the word indicating quantity (Many; much; a lot of; lots of; a little; little, a few; few) usually comes after the article, and if there is no article, it tops the phrase c Possessive Nouns/ Pronouns + Possessive nouns: Is adding ′ s after the possessive noun Example: The man's wallet, Susan's cats + Possessive pronouns: my, your, his, her, our, their, its 11 +) MODIFIER a Adjective Adjectives usually come before the main noun, and the job of adjectives is to modify the main noun Adjective may or may not be present in the noun phrase  For example: A beautiful girl , A long distance , Many young students …  Rules of arranging modifying adjectives: OPSACOMP : Opinion , Size , Shape ,Age ,Color ,Origin ,Material , Purpose  For example : a fat old lady, a small shiny black leather handbag, a beautiful small new round blue Japanese wooden rolling doll … b Participles : The placement of particles in a noun phrase is like adjectives, both of which are used to complement the main noun There are two forms of the participle: present participle (V-ing) and past participle (V3 / -ed) - Use present participle V-in: when it comes to the nature of things, or things that are going on -> Example: An interesting film, the barking dog - Use past participle V3 / -ed: when it comes to the feeling of things, or things being / affected - Example: A well-trained dog, a broken chair… II, POST MODIFICATION 12 The modifiers after the noun can be a phrase or a clause.+) PHRASE a Preposition phrases Prepositions are phrases that begin with a preposition, and a preposition phrase after a noun is intended to modify the noun Example: A man with black hair, the dog behind the fence b Participle phrases - Particle present phrase: usually beginning with V-ing, the participle present phrase after the noun appears when reducing the active relative clause For example: +The man standing over there + The dog lying on the ground - Phrase past clusters: usually begin with V3 / -ed, punctual past clusters after nouns appear when shortening passive relational clauses For example: The book sent to me , the house built … +) CLAUSE The adjective clause, also known as the adjective clause, is used to modify the noun preceding it For example: The girl who you talked to is my girlfriend The book that you sent to me yesterday is my favorite novel +) Non finite clauses : - To-infininite : a good book to read - ing participle : the girl sitting front of me - ed participle : the book written by him +) Finite clause - Relative clause : The girl who I met yesterday - Appositive clause : The idea that we should go out 13 III, RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE *Modification can be retrictive or non-restrictive +) Restrictive : - The head can be viewed as a member of a class which can be linguistically indentified only through the modification that has been supplied -Helps identify the head and indicate a limitation on the possible reference of the head -Modification at its ‘most restrictive’ tends to come after the head: that is, our decision to use an item as a premodifier -Restrictive modification tends to be given more prosodic emphasis than the head For example : I often see men who went to school with me (restrictive) +) Non-restrictive : - Any modification given to such a head is additional information which is not essential for identifying the head, and we call it nonrestrictive -The reference : the head can be viewed as unique or a member of a class that has been independently identified -Tends to come before the head -Tends to be unstressed in pre-head position ( *note: its ‘parenthetic’ relation is endorsed by being given a separate tone unit, or-in writing –by being enclosed by commas) For example : Tom, who called here last night, left this message for you (non-restrictive) Where did you get that beautiful carpet in the hall? (non-restrictive) 14 (restrictive) IV, PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY There is a second dichotony that has some affinities with the distinction between restrictive and non-restrictive but rather than more with the contrast of non-progressive and progressive in predication, generic or specific reference in determiners , or permanent and temporary in agentials Modification in noun-phrase structure may also be seen as permanent or temporary +) Permanent : - Have reference to characteristic features - Mainly the items which are placed in pre-modification position For example : A beautiful girl A lovely cat +) Temporary : - Have reference only to a specific time -Mainly those adjectives which have to be predicate For example : The ready man The sick woman 15 16 F, EXERCISES Exercise 1: Each student carried some English books Each: central determiners Some: central determiners Neither student understood either teacher Neither: central determiners Either: central determiners There is no second dress Second: post-determiners No: central determiners She took these three bottles of water These: central determiners Three: post-determiners All his students are here All: pre-determiners His: central determiners He made double the work Double: pre-determiners The: central determiners We ate half those fish we caught Half: pre-determiners Those: central determiners Every day, Jane goes to school Every: central determiners The next lesion is tomorrow The: central determiners Next: post-determiners 10.Which bookstore has enough English book Enough: central determiners Which: central determiners 11.Does any supermarket has enough milk Any: central determiners Enough: central determiners 12.This is the first laptop I have This: central determiners The: central determiners First: post-determiners 17 13.Both of them like play football Both: pre-determiners 14.I made two-third the mistakes she did Two-third: pre-determiners The: central determiners 15.The last lesson is next week The: central determiners Last: post-determiners Next: post-determiners Exercise 2: Choose the appropriate quantifiers to complete the sentences He is an expert on languages, but he knows about mathematics A: Few B: Little C: A lot of D: Several I don't think there will be a severe shortage of usable water because there was rain fall yesterday A: Little B: Few C: Any D: A lot of Unfortunately, I have talent for music although I have always wanted to be a famous singer A: Little B: Few C: A few 18 D: Plenty of There were people at the meeting earlier but most of them left early so there aren't many left now A: Little B: Few C: Much D: Several Although she thought she knew of the subject, the teacher asked a few details she hardly remembered A: Several B: Much C: Many D: Any people enjoy the performance of the theater company but I don't think it is a successful one A: Much B: Several C: Every D: No I had to live in Paris and Madrid for many years because of my business but I don't like city much A: All B: Whole C: Either D: Neither 19 Both players in the tennis match have been warned by the referee but of them seems to take it seriously A: None B: Either C: Every D: Neither In my country, universities offer a wide range of courses That's why they are preferred by foreign students as well A: Every B: Each C: A great deal of D: Most 10 The vocabulary list had been memorized by of the students and each one scored over 80 percent on the exam A: Every B: All C: A little D: The whole 20 DANH SÁCH NHÓM S T T HỌ VÀ TÊN MSV NHIỆM VỤ NGUYỄN NGỌC QUỲNH 19D170039 THE BASIC NOUN PHRASE NGUYỄN THỊ THOA 19D170252 EXERCISES TRẦN THỊ MINH THU 19D170184 FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF NP HOÀNG THỊ THÙY 19D170185 THE COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE LÊ THỊ KIM TIẾN 19D170048 RESTRICTIVE &NON RESTRICTIVE PERMANENT& TEMPORARY CÁP PHƯƠNG TRANG 19D170187 21 NOUNS ĐÁNH GIÁ ... Multiples (once, twice, threetime, double…) - Go with non - count nouns, plural nouns and singular nouns - Used to denote the quantity off the nouns eg: twice her age - Occur with the determiners “a,... tops the phrase c Possessive Nouns/ Pronouns + Possessive nouns: Is adding ′ s after the possessive noun Example: The man's wallet, Susan's cats + Possessive pronouns: my, your, his, her, our,... people, water… +) Modern classification: English nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Count Abstract Non-count Concrete Abstract Concrete  Proper nouns: are also usually concrete, as they describe