English for you

ENGLISH FOR YOU For specific purpose – Legal Studies This book has been specially prepared for the students of 5-year Integrated course of BBM/BA + LLB of Acharya School of Law, Bangalore It contains basic grammatical concepts, a lot of exercises, and additional exercises of legal terminology necessary for the students of Law Manmohan Joshi English for You CONTENTS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Singular and plural nouns Articles Pronouns Verbs Auxiliaries and modals Prepositions Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions Exclamations or Interjections Synonyms and antonyms Suffix and prefix Expressions with ‘do’ and ‘make’ Compound words Homophones Words used as different parts of speech Active and passive Reported speech Transformation of sentences Idiomatic expressions Writing paragraphs Writing reports Writing dialogues Formal correspondence Comprehension Legal words and their usage Irregular verbs Phonetic symbols About the Author SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS Singular: one – tree, camel, horse, book Plural: more than one – trees, camels, horses, books Find the singular nouns and plural nouns in these sentences Write ‘S’ above singular and ‘P’ above plural The cat has frightened the pigeons The girl gave her cousin two apples There aren’t many nails on this door 12 38 40 52 56 60 64 66 68 70 72 74 77 82 88 90 98 101 104 105 107 116 124 135 136 137 English for You The cars are crossing the bridge How many letters did the postman bring? The boys went up the stairs to their room Look at this table Plurals * When the noun ends in: -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, o, and –x : we add -es * When the noun ends in: consonant +y: we remove ‘y’ and add -ies * When the noun ends in: vowel + y: we just add -s *When the noun ends in: -f and –fe-: we remove ‘f’ or ‘fe’ and add -ves *These things are always plural in English: scissors glasses trousers shorts * Some plurals not end in –s: There is internal change when changing to plural Example: man > men tooth > teeth *Some nouns have singular and plural alike: a sheep > sheep a fish > fish a deer>deer an aircraft>aircraft Write the plurals: mouse foot tooth _ man woman _ child _ half knife _ leaf thief wife _ sheep _ way _ furniture _ bus dish watch baby _ English for You box _ day shelf potato tomato _ boy key Correct these sentences There is one mistake in each sentence a Huda is a very interesting people b My sister has three childs c There are a lot of sheeps in that field _ d Most of my friends is secondary school students e These scissors is very sharp _ f You should brush your tooths twice a day g This job is for womans only _ h Please take your foots off the chair _ ARTICLES Study the grammar box Rules for using a, an and the * We use a or an… with singular, countable nouns a house, an apple, a bag of sugar before a job or occupation in the singular a photographer, an architect, a nurse in expressions with numbers when it means ‘every’ once a day, five times a week, twice a year English for You * We use the … when there is only one: the earth, the capital of India, the King of Jordan with the names of… * deserts – the Sahara Desert * rivers – the River Nile, the Amazon * oceans and seas – the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean * museums and libraries – the Egyptian Museum, the University Library * hotels – the Leela Palace Hotel, the London Hilton We don’t usually use the with the names of… * towns and cities – Colombo, Tokyo, London, New York * countries and continents – Britain, Egypt, Asia, South America (but the USA, the UAE, the United Kingdom) * streets – Oxford Street, Bond Street * mountains – Mount Everest, K2 * airports – Indira Gandhi International Airport, Heathrow Airport Sometimes we use the with the names of important buildings… the White House, the Taj Mahal, the Pyramids, the Red Fort …and sometimes we don’t… Buckingham Palace, Big Ben, Jodhpur Fort, Abu Simbel Put a or the in the gaps, where necessary Put a (X) where nothing is needed Examples: She is a doctor I don’t X eat meat He watches television in the evenings a Julia doesn’t like coffee b Can I have _cup of coffee, please? c Julio and Laura are teachers d I like playing tennis in mornings e Phillip is _secretary English for You f Helmut works in _bookshop g Cathy likes listening to _music h When you go to supermarket? i I don’t eat in _restaurants j Is _Sahara Desert in _Asia? k Is _Chicago in USA? l Where is Taj Mahal m Which is bigger, Atlantic Ocean or _Pacific Ocean? Read what Carl Wilson says about transport problems in his city Complete the gaps with a, an or the, where necessary I live near _city centre, and we have _real problem with cars here Most people come to _work by car, so in _morning when people drive to _Boston, and in _evening, it’s very busy I have car, but I don’t drive much; I’m _artist, so I usually work at _home! Complete these sentences with a, an or the a This morning I bought newspaper and magazine newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where I put _magazine b My brother is _engineer He lives in old house in small village He has beautiful garden behind _house c I saw _accident this morning car crashed into tree The driver of _car wasn’t hurt but _car was badly damaged English for You d Last year _President of USA visited India He had talks with _government He also visited school in Delhi, _factory at Hyderabad and Salar Jung Museum Fill in the gaps with a, an or the Once there were four good friends, _little goat, elephant, rat and crow One morning _others were worried because goat did not meet them at _riverside as usual crow flew up into _air, and immediately came down with _news that their friend was caught in _hunter’s net _elephant was very angry but did not know what to rat ran quickly to _net and began to cut it with its teeth little goat was now freed from hunter’s net PRONOUNS A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are pronouns    He is used for: man, boy She is used for: woman, girl It is used for an animal or a plant or for a non-living thing: table, feeling There are many other types of pronouns Some pronouns are used for asking questions or for pointing to something; examples: who, whom, which, what, this, that, these and those English for You Here are some example sentences; the pronouns are in bold:1 Tom is my brother and he is as tall as I am Mary’s mother gives her many clothes There is the lady who wants to speak to you Of all the books I like that (pointing to the chosen book) This book is mine That one (book) is yours (possession) There are some books That is mine (pointing) Who is your best friend? (asking - a “question”) Forms of Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives: Reflexive Possessiv Possessiv As an As a Pronoun e e object subject myself ourselves yourself/yourselves himself herself themselves itself Adjective my our your his her their its Pronoun mine ours yours his hers theirs its me us you him her them it I We You He She They It Exercise-1: Use the correct pronouns in the sentences Sarah was playing cricket _ was with Mary The travellers went to the beach _ did not like it Jeremy lost his bicycle _ had kept behind the house _ name is Ayesha I have a new book The boy ran down the road _ was late for school This is my father We have been looking for John, Vera and I are going to town _hope to see a film We are going for a walk, Ali Would _like to come with ? The people on the platform are going to London _have been waiting a long time for train 10 We are working hard Will you help _? 11 Your cousins are in the park Let's go and meet English for You 12 One of my shoes is missing Perhaps is in the bedroom Exercise-2: Put his, her, your, or their into the gaps a b c d e f g h i ‘What’s name?’ ‘My name is Sarah.’ Mary’s a travel agent _job is interesting Richard and Jeremy have a dog dog’s name is Fido John is a teacher _school is in the centre of the city Albert has a daughter name is Elena ‘What are names?’ ‘Our names are Robin and Samantha.’ ‘What’s name?’ ‘My name is Tomoko.’ This is my teacher _name is Richard This is my sister _name is Emma Exercise-3: Read the text and use the correct pronoun to fill in the gaps Mahmoud was a trader always rode a large, white donkey and the donkey both slept in the same tent at night were never far from each other in the daytime Bader was a young boy used to travel with him sometimes One morning started for Baghdad with Mahmoud Bader had 80 coins of gold in a leather bag One morning, the gold coins were lost rushed to Mahmoud and said, “ _had kept 80 gold coins with me kept the bag of gold near me at night but now is missing Can please find it?” Mahmoud asked him a few questions Then _said, “Before sunset _will find your gold Now be quiet.” Relative pronouns and clauses: Clauses: A sentence can contain:   a main clause, and one or more subordinate clauses A subordinate clause:    is a group of words, has a subject and a verb, forms part of a sentence English for You Examples: We knew that the bridge was unsafe This is the picture that I bought in Rome The relative pronouns are: who, which, that, and what We use relative pronouns to join sentences We use who or that for people and which or that for things Examples: The girl was young She won the first prize for drawing The girl who/that won the first prize for drawing was young The book is for my mum You saw it The book which/that you saw is for my mum Who and which Remember: We use who or which instead of him, her, it, him, etc We not use both at the same time Example: The woman who she teaches us English at school has left Here is the book which you wanted Exercise-4: Circle the correct answer a b c d e There is the lady who took/she took your glasses Do you know the people who live/they live next door? Do you like the present which I bought/bought it for your sister’s birthday? The bike which is outside/it is outside belongs to my brother Ahmed This is a new kind of machine which grinds/it grinds coffee beans Exercise-5: Look at the sentences below and write in who or which a b c d e I’ve got the CDs you wanted The man _lives upstairs is a doctor I know the teacher _teaches my daughter in school I’ve lost the ring _my mother bought last month Do you recognize any of the girls are standing by the gate? English for You A chemicals B seeds C frames c ‘Strange’ melons taste _traditional melons A the same as B better than C worse than d For the writer, the most important thing about a melon is its _ A size B price C shape Read the text and the tasks On her second trip to West Africa in 1894, Mary Kingsley travelled up the Ogooue River to the Congo She travelled with a small number of African porters who carried the food and equipment needed for the journey She was the first European woman to make the journey and along the way she faced many dangers Firstly, the river was very rough in places and Mary’s small canoe almost sank three times The river was full of crocodiles and when one of them attacked Mary’s canoe, she beat it away with a paddle Then there were the dangerous wild animals on the land One night as Mary was about to go to sleep, a leopard came into her tent She threw a water bottle at it to chase it away Worst of all were the mosquitoes which carried the deadly disease malaria Like most women at that time, Mary wore clothes that covered most of her body so she didn’t get many mosquito bites The main aim of Mary’s second journey to Africa was to find out about the way of life of cannibals called the Fang Her first meeting with the tribe came sooner than she expected One day she carefully approached the Fang village in order only to look Suddenly, she slipped and fell down a steep hill and crashed through the roof of a Fang hut: “There was a man with a painted face and two women inside the hut They were so surprised to see this white woman drop through their roof and land on their floor that they just sat and looked at me with their mouths wide open,” Mary wrote in her second book ‘West African Studies.’ “Luckily I had with me some cigars and a small knife which belonged to my father, so with a big smile on my face I gave these presents to the man and slowly backed out of the door I really was very lucky not to end my days in the big cooking pot which was bubbling on a fire just outside.” Later Mary got to know the Fang tribe quite well and she traded European goods for information about their way of life When the rains came, the Fang invited Mary to stay in a hut in their village: “That night I couldn’t sleep because of the terrible smell that filled the hut I got up again and with the small oil lamp began to look to see if I could find the cause of the awful stench But the hut was empty except for a leather bag hanging from a roof beam I took the bag down and emptied the contents out on the dirt floor This, I could see, was the source of the terrible smell, for on the floor in front of me was a human hand, three big toes, four eyes, two ears and some other human parts which I won’t name This was the Fang’s breakfast, I guessed So, trying hard 114 English for You not to be sick, I pushed the human parts back inside the bag with a stick and decided to return to my tent.” On her return to Britain, Mary travelled around the country giving lectures about her travels to Africa and her adventures with the Fang Her two books made her famous Complete this summary of Mary Kingsley’s life, using the words in the box There are two extra words tribe two book at famous people twice lecture second interior library childhood her them Mary Kingsley was a nineteenth century explorer She was born in London and she spent her _reading all the books in her father’s After her parents died, Mary travelled to Africa She was the first European woman to travel into the _of Africa She wrote books about her travels On her _trip, she studied a called the Fang The Fang ate and at first Mary thought they would eat _ But she became friendly with and she described them in her ‘West African Studies.’ 14 Read the text and complete the table The modern disease One of the most common problems people have today is stress It affects people of all ages and in all countries But scientists have noticed that stress is most common in modern, industrialized countries Stress has many different causes Problems at home, at school or at work are the most common causes of stress People who have jobs with a lot of responsibility-such as pilots, police officials, business directors- often suffer from stress Stress affects different people in different ways Some people get headaches, other people get stomach ache Many people suffering from stress can’t sleep well, while others become moody and bad tempered Young people with a lot of stress often have acne It is important to remember that reducing stress is very important to your health People under stress often get more serious health problems later in life, such as heart attacks They often die younger than people who know how to relax People reduce their stress in many different ways The best way, it seems, is to take regular exercise Other people prefer to listen to music or quietly read a book or work in their garden 115 English for You a Three causes of stress: ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… b Three jobs with a lot of stress: …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… c Three ways in which stress affects people: …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… d Three ways to reduce stress: …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… 15 Read the text and then the tasks Why is the Great Salt Lake Salty? Everybody knows the ocean is salty But why should an inland lake like the Great Salt Lake be salty? To understand this, we have to know how lakes are formed and what happens to them Lakes result from the flow of water into low areas Lake water comes largely from rainfall and melting snow The water enters a lake through brooks, streams, rivers, underground springs, and groundwater Dissolved mineral matter is in the fresh water entering the lake This dissolved mineral matter is obtained from the ground and from rocks in the area In places where the climate is dry, lakes lose water rapidly by evaporation When the amount of water that flows into a lake is matched by evaporation, salty minerals are left behind in the lake Such lakes become salty, and the saltiness increases with time Great Salt Lake is such a lake The mineral matter there has been accumulating over the ages and it now contains over 20 percent mineral matter, most of which is common salt Because of the high salt content, only shrimps live in the lake Great Salt Lake is more than 1,220 metres above sea level and is located in north western Utah in the U.S.A The Dead Sea, which lies on the border between Israel and Jordan, is really another example of a salt lake It is 390 metres below sea level The lake is fed by the Jordan River, but it has no outlet This fact, plus little rainfall and high evaporation, causes the mineral matter to accumulate in the lake It contains more than 24 per cent mineral matter, one third of which is common salt Complete the following statements: 116 English for You a Lakes are formed by ………………………………………………………………………… b Lake water comes from ………………………………….and …………………………… c The lake water is lost rapidly by ………………………………………due to dry climate d Salty minerals are left behind in the lake by …………………………………………… e The mineral matter in the Great Salt Lake is …………………………………………… f Only shrimps survive in this lake because of ……………………………………………… g The Dead Sea is situated between ………………………………and …………………… h Jordan River feeds ………………………………………………………………………… i The Dead Sea has a high accumulation of mineral matter because of: i ………………………………………………… ii ………………………………………………… Iii ……………………………………………… Find words in the passage which mean the same as the following: a b c d got quickly collecting means of going out 26 (para 2) (para 3) (para 4) (para 5) LEGAL WORDS AND THEIR USAGE accused: The accused protested her innocence accomplice: The thief had four accomplices in the crime arrest: The police arrested her for drinking and driving amendment: I've made a few last-minute amendments to the article 117 English for You adjournment: The judge granted the request for an adjournment award: The jury awarded libel damages of £100,000 arbitration: Both sides in the dispute have agreed to go to arbitration agreement: The dispute was settled by an agreement that satisfied both sides approver: One of the accused turned approver and became a prosecution witness bail: Because of a previous conviction, the judge refused to grant bail to the accused bench: The judge asked the lawyer to address her remarks to the bench bond : The judge ordered that the accused post a $10,000 bond pending his appeal of the verdict breach of contract: To establish breach of confidence, you must show that the information was not public property or knowledge consent: The agreement was terminated by mutual consent contract: They could take legal action against you if you break the terms of the contract contempt: 118 English for You The tobacco companies may be guilty of contempt of court for refusing to produce the documents counterclaim: The company counterclaimed for breach of contract court: The lack of evidence means that the case is unlikely to go to court counsel: The judge addressed counsel for the defense and asked him to present his witnesses compromise: Well, you want $400 and I say $300, so let's compromise at/on $350 coercion: He claimed the police had used coercion, threats, and promises to obtain claim: The police said that if no one claims the watch, you can keep it damages: They were awarded $500,000 in damages decree: More than 200 people were freed by military decree defamation: One member of the team is suing for slander and defamation of character defendant: The jury concluded from the evidence that the defendant was innocent defense: 119 the statement illegally English for You In the last ten minutes of the game, we needed to defend document: This certificate is an important document, and should be kept securely distress: She claimed that the way she had been treated at work had caused her extreme emotional and psychological distress divorce : She came out of the divorce settlement a rich woman evidence: The jury heard conflicting evidence from three different witnesses estoppel: It is a legal rule that prevents someone from changing their mind about something they have previously said is true in court equity: Equity can be defined as a system of justice that allows a fair judgment of a case where the laws that already exist are not satisfactory execution: Sometimes in the execution of their duty the police have to use firearms The executions will be carried out by a firing squad fraud: He is fighting extradition to Hong Kong to face trial on fraud charges hearsay: The evidence against them is all hearsay and cannot be accepted as truth homicide: He was convicted of homicide after he was found guilty of murder 120 English for You injunction: The court has issued an injunction to prevent the airline from increasing its prices insolvency: The company warned that it may have to seek insolvency proceedings, which would see creditors recover only a small amount of their liabilities instrument: They trade in the debt instruments of developing countries issue: Of course I'll help you, there's no need to make an issue of it judgment: It is the judgment of this court that you are guilty of murder jurisdiction: The court has no jurisdiction over cases of this kind jurisprudence: The study of law and the principles on which law is based is called jurisprudence jury: The jury have been unable to return a verdict justice: The police are doing all they can to bring those responsible for the bombing to justice juvenile: Since the accused was below 18 years of age, he was tried in a juvenile court kidnap: The wife of a businessman was kidnapped from her home in London last night lawyer: 121 English for You Millions of dollars were spent on lawyers in a courtroom showdown between the two companies liability: He denies any liability for the damage caused litigation: The company has consistently denied responsibility, but it has agreed to the settlement to avoid the expense of lengthy litigation maintenance: After he was granted divorce from his wife, he refused to pay maintenance for his three children minor: He was accused of engaging minors, who were only 12 years old, for working in his fireworks factory murder: He was imprisoned in 1965 for attempted murder mortgage: They took out a £400,000 mortgage to buy the house (= they borrowed £40o, 000) negligence: He showed negligence to a minor headache which later became a serious problem notification: You must give the bank written notification if you wish to close your account notice: There was a large notice on the wall saying "No Parking" oath: The judge reminded the witness that she was under oath objection: 122 English for You Her objection against the plan is based on incorrect facts partnership: They've gone into partnership with a rival company partition: The judge advised that the two fighting brothers must go for partition of property perjury: She was sentenced to two years in jail for committing perjury for speaking untruth while under oath petition: She's filing a petition for divorce from her husband petitioner: The petitioner requested the judge to settle the case early plaintiff: The plaintiff has filed a legal complaint against his brother in court plaint: Once the particulars of the claim have been filed, the judge must enter a plaint in the court record pleadings: The prosecutor in her pleadings presented a lot of evidence against the accused privities: Privities of contract must be maintained in order to ensure continued good relationship pre-emption: The broadcaster is keen to exercise its pre-emption rights to shares being sold in the TV station proviso: 123 English for You He was released from prison with the proviso that he doesn't leave the country prosecutor: The tape recordings provided prosecutors with the evidence they needed to prove he'd been involved in the conspiracy prosecution: Her lawyer accused the prosecution of founding its case on insufficient evidence procedure: Investigators urged that safety procedures at the site should be improved presumption: The presumption of innocence is central to American law punishment: Many people think that the death penalty is too severe a punishment for any crime right: It's not right to criticize people behind their back Religious freedom is the fundamental right in the Constitution remedy: We have exhausted all possible legal remedies for this injustice remand: The accused was remanded to police custody redemption: The bonds will be redeemed at 100% of their principal amount, plus interest to the redemption date respondent: She divorced the respondent on the grounds of unreasonable behaviour regulation: 124 English for You The correct procedure is laid down in the rules and regulations rule: You must observe all the rules sentence: The judge will pronounce sentence on the defendant this afternoon settlement: As part of their divorce settlement, Jeff agreed to let Polly keep the house statute: The courts decide cases as per the statute applicable to a particular case summon: On 20 July, the town council was summoned to hear an emergency report on its finances summons: He was served with a summons to appear in court surety: What are you able to provide as a surety that you will repay the loan? title: If you wish to sell the property, you will first have to prove your title to it transfer: She transferred the house to her daughter before she died tort: The Law of Torts deals with an action that is wrong but can be dealt with in a civil court rather than a criminal court trespass: 125 English for You I hope this is a public footpath and we're not trespassing on someone's land trial: It was a very complicated trial that went on for months vicarious: She took a vicarious pleasure in her friend's achievements verdict: The jury passed a verdict of guilty, with an appeal to the judge for clemency void: The lawyers declared the contract (null and) void voidable: A misrepresentation by one party makes the contract voidable if the other party so decides warrant: Judge David had issued a warrant for his arrest witness: Ten witnesses are expected to testify at the trial today will: When my grandmother died I found that she had left me some money in her will 126 English for You Irregular verbs 127 English for You Base form be become begin break bring build buy can catch choose come cost cut draw drink drive eat fall feel fight find fly forget get give go grow have hear hit keep know Past Simple was/were became began broke brought built bought could caught chose came cost cut did drew drank drove ate fell felt fought found flew forgot got gave went grew had heard hit Kept knew Past Participle been become begun broken brought built bought could caught chosen come cost cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten got given gone grown had heard hit kept known Base form learn leave lose make meet pay put read ride run say see sell send shut sing sit sleep speak spend stand steal swim take teach tell think understand wake wear win write About the Author 128 Past Simple Past Participle learned learned left left lost lost made made met met paid paid put put read read rode ridden ran run said said saw seen sold sold sent sent shut shut sang sung sat sat slept slept spoke spoken spent spent stood stood stole stolen swam swum took taken taught taught told told thought thought understood understood woke woken wore worn won won wrote written