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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION NGUYEN DUC TON RESEARCH ON THE PEOPLE’S LIVING STANDARDS IN BINH DINH PROVINCE Specially: Geography Classification: 62310501 SUMMARY OF THE PH.D DISSERTATION IN GEOGRAPHY Ho Chi Minh City – 2021 The thesis is completed at HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Supervisor: Prof Dr LE THONG Dr TRUONG VAN TUAN First Reviewer: Assoc.Prof.Dr Pham Viet Hong Sai Gon University Second Reviewer: Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Thi Trang Thanh Vinh University Third Reviewer: Dr Tran Van Thong HCM City University of Economics and Finance The thesis will be defended at the University’s Thesis Commission Meeting at Thesis Defense Room, Library of HCMUE At… date… month ………, year 2021 The thesis can be found at: - Vietnamese National Library - Library of Ho Chi Minh city University of Education - General Sciences Library of Ho Chi Minh City LIST OF PUBLISCATIONS Nguyen Duc Ton (2016), Solution improvement income and poverty reduction in coastal trip Binh Dinh province directions by "green life", Proceedings of the 9th National Scientific Conference on Geography, pp 351 – 358, Quy Nhon, 12/2016 Tran Thi Kim Chung, Nguyen Duc Ton (2016), Some prominent factors influencing the changes survival rate residential in coastal strip Binh Dinh province in trends integration, Proceedings of the 9th National Scientific Conference on Geography, pp 359 – 368, Quy Nhon, 12/2016 Nguyen Duc Ton (2017), Research status and enhancing solutions the quality of life the population some wards vicinity areas Thi Nai lagoon (Binh Dinh province), Proceedings Scientific Conference of graduate students and PhD Students 2017 – 2018, pp 262 – 273, 11/2017 Nguyen Duc Ton (2017), The application of GIS in creating the maps of socioeconomic factors effectiveness to standard of living Binh Dinh province, GIS 2017 Conference Proceedings, 12/2017 Nguyen Duc Ton, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hiep (2018), Evaluating educational indicators in living standard of population in coastal strip Binh Dinh, Proceedings of the 10th National Scientific Conference on Geography, pp 1124 – 1133, Da Nang City, 4/2018 Nguyen Duc Ton (2018), Analysis of personal income status Binh Dinh province in the period 2006 – 2016, Proceedings of the 10th National Scientific Conference on Geography, pp 944 – 954, Da Nang City, 4/2018 Nguyen Duc Ton (2019), An analysis of the factor influencing on people's living standards in BinhDinh province by sustainable direction, Proceedings of the 11th National Scientific Conference on Geography, pp 528 – 538 Nguyen Duc Ton, Truong Van Tuan (2019), Research on status the people's living standards in middle Southern coastal region, Proceedings Scientific Conference of graduate students and PhD Students 2019 – 2020, pp 195 – 214 Nguyen Duc Ton, Nguyen Minh Tue, Truong Van Tuan (2019), Research on inequality coefficient in income distribution (GINI) in Binh Dinh province, Proceedings international symposium on “Geography Sciences in the Context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Opportunities and Challenges”, pp 39 – 50 10 Nguyen Duc Ton (2020), The rich - poor gap on the people’s living standards in binh dinh province period 2010 – 2016, Science journal Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Vol 17, No (2020), pp 130 – 139, 01/2020 11 Nguyen Duc Ton (2020), Distribution of people's living standard area in Binh Dinh province, Social Sciences Hanoi National University Education, Vol 65, Issue (2020), pp 93 – 107, 5/2020 12 Nguyen Duc Ton (2020), Developing indicators and methods for evaluation of the people’s living standards in Binh Dinh province, Social Sciences Hanoi National University Education, Vol 65, Issue 11, pp 188 – 203, 11/2020 13 Nguyen Duc Ton (2021), Evaluating the gap between rich and poor in order to apply a sustainable living standard in the South Central Coast (Vietnam), Proceedings of the 12th National Scientific Conference on Geography (Accepted) INTRODUCTION Rationale of this research The United Nations has affirmed: “People are the real weath of the country, people are the center of development”, so in order to promote the main role of “human capital”, ensuring the residential living standard is considered to be the leading goal in the socio-economic development strategy of countries and territories After nearly 30 years of innovation and development, the economy of Binh Dinh has made many changes and gained many achievements in numerous fields In 2018, the scale of GRDP reached 74,729.0 billion VND, equivalent to GRDP/person reached 48,7 million VND, per capita income reached 3,024.0 thousand VND/month, the percentage of poor households decreased, indicators of education-training, indicators of education –training, health, and health care… has changed significantly, the residential living standard has increased gradually Although there has been some changes, some indicators are still low and the ranks don’t increase, even decrease in localities in the country and in South Central Coast, typically GRDP/person (decreasing one ranking level in South Central Coast), income per captita/month (having lower value and unchanged ranking) and poverty rate (decreasing three ranking levels nationally); moreover, the residential living standard has a clear territorial differentiation, especially life of population in mountainous, and coastal communes is still very difficult So, what groups of factors affect the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province? How is the situation of the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province in the period 2010 - 2018? What are solutions to develop production and improve the residential living standard in order to effectively exploit resources towards a sustainable residential living standard? Stemming from the above reasons, the topic "Research on the people’s living standards in Binh Dinh province" is chosen Literature review 2.1 In the world - The noteworthy content on residential living standard is Amartya Sen (1988), which argues that residential living standards are possibilities provided in situations and it is not just a function of luxury nor can it be seen as a utility in everyday life; Amartya Kumar Sen and Martha Nussbaum (1993) present that individual capacity is formed by the process of human labor, which is the main factor affecting residential living standard R.C.Sharmar (1988) studies the interaction among population, natural resources, the environment, socio-economic development with the quality of life and the PLS in each country, etc - There are some researches on factors affecting residential living standard, typically Gary S Becker (1992) It confirms that people have different living standards and income due to human capital Other researchers also mention the role of human capital towards living standards and poverty reduction in terms of income such as Dao Minh Quang, Tushar Seth Regarding livelihood related to the residential living standard, most scientists believe that people rely on five basic capital sources (human capital, natural capital, physical capital, financial capital and social capital) to stabilize their livelihoods and improve their typical standard of living by Julian Hamilton (2004), etc - Regarding the criteria for analyzing residential living standard, they are very diverse and complex, but in general, the authors mentioned material and spiritual factors along with the satisfaction in life, typically works of Wiliam Bell, Asian Development Bank, World Food and Agriculture Organization Simultaneously, to determine the picture of the residential living standard of the territory, the assessment methods used are mainly linear regression methods and survey sampling, which analyzed the variation in household living standards through indicators in daily life (income, expenses, housing, other living conditions, etc.) or the assessment of the distribution of income or expenditure per capita The approach in this study often categorizes individuals or households by quintiles, which is an indication of five groups of income or expenditure corresponding to 20 % of the population respectively, etc 2.2 In Vietnam Conducted and implemented research by scientists and agencies: - The authors such as Do Thien Kinh (1993, 1998), Nguyen Thi Canh (2001), Ho Sy Quy (2007), Luong Hong Quang (2016) Some scientists research on the relationship between population development to residential living standard such as: Nguyen Minh Tue (1996), Tong Van Duong (2004), Nguyen Thien Truong (2004); and some works from projects, programs of scientists - There are annual statistical reports at agencies and departments For example, results of the survey on residential living standard (from 2010 to 2018) of the General Statistics Office, reports of the WB and the annual socio-economic development result reports of localities all mention residential living standard - From the perspective of Geography, regarding research on residential living standard, poverty and human development, there are some the authors: Nguyen Minh Tue (2000), Nguyen Thi Kim Thoa (2004), Vu Van Anh (2009), Tran Thi Thanh Ha (2018) , and a number of studies on the relationship between population development, labor resources and the socio-economic development (including residential living standard) 2.3 In Binh Dinh province Typically, there are a number of research projects associated with the central provinces of MORNE and UNDP (2011), Tran Tho Dat and Vu Thi Hoai Thu (2012), etc In Binh Dinh province, there is a group of authors Nguyen Thi My, Huynh Ngoc Dao (2017) In addition, there are statistical reports on PLS for the period 2002 - 2010 of the Department of statistics and thematic reports on socioeconomic development results of the province, district, etc Through the overview, the author summarizes the theoretical and practical basis related to the topic, which is the conception, criteria and methods of assessment, the research approach of PLS in the current period This is the basis for the author to orient the implementation in Binh Dinh province Aims and objectives 3.1 Aim of the study Applying the theoretical and practical basis of the residential living standard, the main objective of the thesis is to study the living standards of the population in Binh Dinh province in terms of Geography, focusing on assessing the influencing factors to the residential living standard, analyzing the current situation of the residential living standard, in order to propose a number of orientations and solutions to contribute to improving the living standards of the population in Binh Dinh province in the future 3.2 Objectives of the study - Systematizing the theoretical and practical basis of the residential living standard on the basis of an overview of the domestic and foreign research situation to apply in the research area - Evaluating factors affecting the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province - Analyzing the current status of the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province in the period 2010 - 2018 - Proposing some orientations and solutions to improve the living standards of people in Binh Dinh province in the future Scope of the study 4.1 The scope of content The thesis focuses on assessing factors affecting the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province by two groups, including internal and external factors Analyzing the current status of the residential living standard in the material aspect because it is a prerequisite and decisive factor in the process of forming, stabilizing livelihoods and enhancing the residential living standard 4.2 The scope of the space The research is carried out in the whole Binh Dinh province, which will analyze in depth the living standards of the population of two sub-regions (the eastern plain and coastal strip; the western midlands and mountains), 11 administrative units Besides, the author also puts research territory in the comparison with the South Central Coast region and the whole country 4.3 The scope of the time The research period of the thesis is in the period 2010 - 2018, the forecast period is to 2025 with a vision to 2030 The intervals are two years equal to the time of conducting and publishing the survey results of the residential living standard in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018 Research viewpoints and methodologies 5.1 Research viewpoints The thesis is approached based on: systematic viewpoint, integrated viewpoint, territory, historical perspective, sustainable development viewpoint 5.2 Research methodologies The author used the following methods: Methods of collecting and processing documents; field methods; sociological investigation method; methods of analysis, comparison, synthesis; expert method, statistical grouping method; scale assessment method; mapping and GIS method Significance of the study 6.1 Theoretical significance The thesis contributes to clarifying the theoretical basis of the residential living standard, building a system of indicators and criteria for assessing the residential living standard to be applied in research in Binh Dinh province 6.2 Practical significance - Clarifying the advantages and disadvantages of factors affecting the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province - Based on the selected criteria, the collected data and the results of the sociological survey of 400 households in administrative units representing two sub- regions with the statistical grouping method and the combined scale, the thesis analyzes the differentiation of the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province in the period 2010 - 2018 - On the basis of the orientation to 2030, the thesis proposes a number of specific solutions to contribute to improving the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province, especially the population in two sub-regions and special territorial units Design of the study Apart from the introduction, conclusion, references, appendices, maps, the thesis is structured with chapters: Chapter 1: Theoretical and practical basis on the residential living standard Chapter 2: Factors affecting the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province Chapter 3: Situation of the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province Chapter 4: Orientation and solutions to improve the residential living standard in Binh Dinh province Chapter THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS ON THE RESIDENTIAL LIVING STANDARD 1.1 Theoretical basis 1.1.1 Definitions - Population: Population is a group of people living in the territory, characterized by size, structure, economic relationships, and by the nature of the division of labor and residence by territory - Residential living standard: “It is the response to the comprehensive human needs in life, reflected in a certain level or scale, defined as high or low, more or less than the average of living conditions (material and spiritual) on a daily basis as a household or a group of people The living standard of the population is a continuously changing quantity to meet the increasing needs of people and the development of current society” - Residential life quality: “They are living conditions provided with adequate housing, education, medical services, food, and entertainment for human needs This makes it easy for people to achieve happiness, family safety, physical and mental health” The residential living standard and the quality of life has the same characteristic, which is the level of meeting the material and spiritual needs of life, but the nature is completely different The basic characteristic of the residential living standard is high or low, more or less of individuals or communities, which create a rich or poor life Living standards of individuals, communities with those needs, they themselves have a feeling of being satisfied, satisfied with the basic characteristic of good or bad, called the quality of life In terms of the "quantity" and "quality" in meeting the needs in life, the residential living standard tends to be "quantity", and the quality of life tends to be "quality" 1.1.2 The significance of the residential living standard - Systematically monitoring and supervising the living standards of all classes of the population; Monitoring and evaluating of the implementation of the Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy By 2016, starting investigating poverty and poverty reduction towards multi-dimensional poverty; - Contributing to the evaluation of the achievement of the millennium goals and the socio-economic development goals of Vietnam; - Serving policy and socio-economic development planning and national target program of the Party and State to improve the living standards of the population in the country, regions and localities - In addition, in the thesis, the author realizes the importance of residential living standard research as: Emphasizing the important role of "human capital" and effectively exploiting the role of this capital in the development of livelihood and poverty reduction 1.1.3 Factors affecting residential living standard There are two groups of factors that affect residential living standard: - Internal factors: Geographical location and territorial scope; Natural conditions and natural resources; Socio-economic (Population, labor force, ethnic group; Economic development level; Urbanization and industrialization; Infrastructure and technical facilities; Capital investment in the province; Market in the province; Policy and institutions) - External factors: Investment; Market outside the province; Volatility of globalization; Scientific, technical progress and the 4th industrial revolution; Global climate change These groups of factors directly or indirectly affect the residential living standard, in which the internal factors play a decisive role 1.1.4 The residential living standard evaluation criteria applied to research in Binh Dinh province The thesis evaluates the residential living standard based on groups of indicators, which are the group of economic indicators: GRDP/person, PCI/month, the rich and poor differentiation (GINI coefficient, 20% of the difference of the richest household group and 20% of the poorest households), Proportion of poor households; Education-training indicator group: Schooling attendance rate at the right age and Education expenditure; Group of health indicators and health care: doctors and hospital beds/10,000 people, Health expenditure; Supporting indicator group: Proportion of households with solid houses and hygienic latrines 1.2 Practical basis By secondary statistical data, the thesis generally analyzes the current situation of the living standards of the population in Vietnam and the South Central Coast region through selected groups of indicators and criteria It can be seen that in the period 2010 - 2018, residential living standard of Vietnam and the Central Coast of Vietnam have had significant changes, notably the change in the per capita income/month, the issue of poverty reduction and the increase in medical indicators and health care, etc But there are still considerable disparities between localities, especially districts, villages and communes with difficult living conditions An overview of the current status of residential living standard in Vietnam and the South Central Coast region is an important basis for the author to analyze and compare when studying in Binh Dinh province Chapter 2: FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESIDENTIAL LIVING STANDARD IN BINH DINH PROVINCE 2.1 The group of internal factors 2.1.1 Geographical location and territorial limit Located in the South Central Coast, Binh Dinh is one of the five provinces and cities in the Central Key Economic Region, with a natural area of 6,071.3 km 2, the average population in 2018 of 1,534.8 thousand people, ranking 22nd in terms of area and 17th in terms of population in 63 provinces and cities in our country By 2018, Binh Dinh province has 11 administrative units and divides the territory into sub- regions: The Eastern plain - coastal subregion (EP-CS) (including: Quy Nhon City, An Nhon town and the districts Tuy Phuoc and Phu My, Phu Cat, Hoai Nhon), The western highland - mountainous subregion (WH-MS) (districts of Van Canh, Tay Son, Vinh Thanh, Hoai An and An Lao) Binh Dinh province shows its role and position as a center of the Central and country, in addition, the closest and most convenient eastern gateway of Highway 19 connecting the coast to the Central Highlands as well as the sub-region Mekong River region This has created certain advantages in forming a comprehensive economic structure, creating job opportunities, participating in production income increasing and PLS improve However, this position also poses difficulties in competitiveness in the market, requirements for qualified human resources, product quality, and an increase in the price of social services when urban and public industrialization is deepening 2.1.2 Natural conditions and natural resources 2.1.2.1 Topogarphy Mountainous and midland terrain accounts for most of the area (about 68.0%), concentrating in the west and northwest of the province; plain and coastal terrain form accounts for 32.0% of the area, located in the east and southeast of the province The coastal terrain is meandering, with many bays, lagoons and special forms such as coastal islands, rocky beaches This feature has created conditions for diverse economic territorial organization, especially agriculture - industry sightseeing tourism - sea resort services, however, in mountainous areas is difficult to build infrastructure, traffic and many other obstacles, especially when natural disasters occur 2.1.2.2 Land resource and using land There are soil groups, in which gray soil is the main soil group, accounting for 75.0% of the natural area, followed by alluvial soil, accounting for 8.3%, the remaining soil groups: sSandy soil, gladiolus , red soil, rocky inert soil, salty soil, alum soil, and peatland In general, these soils create favorable conditions for Binh Dinh province to develop a diversified crop structure, most notably grain food crops and short-term industrial crops (cassava, cashew, cotton ) During the period, the proportion of unused land decreased rapidly from 15.6% to 3.8%, suggesting that the need to change land use purpose in the locality is very large 2.1.2.3 Climate Binh Dinh has a humid monsoon tropical climate in the Central Coast region, the dry season lasts long (1 to 7), the rainy season slows down to autumn - winter, most concentrated in 10, 11 the climate facilitates the development of economic sectors in the direction of diversification, increasing productivity, especially developing marine tourism and improving PLS However, the deep seasonal division and the impact of storms, floods and floods have a great impact on production and people's life 2.1.2.4 Water source There are several big rivers in the province: Kon River, Lai Giang River, La Tinh River, Ha Thanh River and a system of rivers and streams of great value for hydropower and irrigation development In addition, there are also artificial lakes, lagoons with large areas in the sea favorable for aquaculture and tourism development However, the seasonal climate and pollution of small rivers has greatly affected production and livelihoods of households 2.1.2.5 Biological Biological resources are quite rich, diverse in species and ecosystems, with forest coverage reaching more than 50.0% and increasing with the flora of more than 400 species of trees, many valuable forest products and medicinal herb, fauna has more than 360 species of living, of which there are 83 rare mammal species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam and the world It can be seen that the forest organisms have great potentials for forestry development, planting protection forests, landscape protection combined with production forests, planting industrial trees in the form of agroforestry to create products both help protect the environment and stabilize people's livelihoods 2.1.2.6 Mineral resource In general, minerals in Binh Dinh are not diverse in types, valuable types and reserves are minerals for the production of building materials such as: building stone, kaolin, clay ; gold mines, peat, lead and tin ores are in the process of exploration In addition, there are mineral springs that are of great value in beverage production and treatment, of which Hoi Van has reserves and quality above all 2.1.2.7 Sea region resource Considered as a locality with outstanding advantages in sea region resources such as the system of bays, lagoons, beaches and landscapes running along the coast created an attractive tourist destination for tourists Moreover, many aquatic resources have created conditions for people to participate in large-scale fishing At the same time, the brackish water area occupies a large area associated with strait, bay rich and diversified source of phytoplankton food is suitable for the development of aquaculture In addition, the sea area of Binh Dinh province has a large reserve of titanium ore deposits with large reserves, to serve the exploitation and development of the processing industry Therefore, sea region resources create favorable conditions for the integrated development of marine economic sectors, in order to bring into play the efficiency of the seaport system and act as a transshipment hub of regional level job opportunities, increase income and enhance PLS 2.1.3 Social - economy 2.1.3.1 Population, labor force and ethnicity In 2018, the population of Binh Dinh province was 1,534.8 thousand people, accounting for 1.7% of the population, standing in 17/63 provinces and cities of Vietnam and 16.4%, ranking the top of the South Central Coast region The population growth rate has increased slowly, this is both an opportunity and a challenge for the socio-economy The labor force accounts for 61.5% of the population, the proportion of the population in working age has increased 13 rate decreases gradually as the higher level increases, indicating the middle school dropout status of the children Explaining the reasons for dropping out of school can be seen that the distance from home to school also has a significant impact, the average distance to the nearest high school is 6.7 km, of which 3/159 communes are over 30 km, the farthest is more than 50km in An Toan (An Lao), Vinh Son (Vinh Thanh) with 46.0 km; There are 25/159 communes located at a distance of 10 km or more, of which 17/25 communes have geographical features that are backwards and forwards, traffic is difficult 13/159 communes are less than km, the closest is just over 100 meters go to school 3.2.1.2 By sub-regions This indicators is different by sub-region and gradually changes, net enrolment rate in the EP-CS in 2010 reached 87.1% and increased to 94.2% in 2018, and the WH-MS is always lower than respectively 80.5%, 87.5% 3.2.1.3 According district-level administrative units The highest net enrolment rate is TP Quy Nhon 98.5%, followed by Hoai Nhon 97.8%, the remaining districts ranged from 82.6% - 94.8%, districts in the WH-MS are always lower than the provincial average (except Hoai An in 2018 with 93.6%) 3.2.2 Education expenditure/person/year (VND) In 2010, the average expenditure reached 718.2 thousand VND/person/year, a sharp increase in 2014 was 1,653.2 thousand VND/person/year, by 2018 it was 1,930 thousand VND/person/year, an increase of nearly 1,185 thousand VND/ person/year in whole period This level of expenditure is equal to 91.2%, ranking 7/8 provinces in the South Central Coast region and only 78.0% nationwide 3.3 Medical and health care indicators group 3.3.1 Doctor and hopistal bed/ten thousand people 3.3.1.1 Binh Dinh province In 2010, the number of doctors/ten thousand people in Binh Dinh province was 5.1 doctors (lower than the South Central Coast region and the whole country), increasing continuously by 2018 to nearly 9.4 doctors/ten thousand people (higher than the South Central Coast region 3.4 doctors, ranked first in the region) and 3.2 doctors higher than the whole country In Binh Dinh province has 22 hospitals and medical centers, regional polyclinics and 159 medical stations The number of hospital beds in 2010 is 3,250 beds and 5,410 beds in 2018, corresponding to the number of beds/ten thousand people, 22.2 beds and 31.1 beds, standing 2/8 provinces and 8.3 higher than the country than the whole country people The increasing number of doctors and beds/ten people shows the high level of investment in health facilities, human resources and local beds in implementing strategies to improve medical issues and health care residential community towards completing the health system development plan of Binh Dinh 3.3.1.2 By sub-regions The number of doctors and hospital beds/ten thousand people in the two subregions is increasing and clearly differentiated In 2010, the number of doctors in the EP-CS was 5.3 doctors and by 2018 it was 9.9 doctors/ten thousand people, the number of hospital beds was 23.5 and 33.9 beds/ten thousand people 14 Correspondingly, WH-MS were 4.3 and 7.6 doctors/ten thousand people; 16.8 and 19.4 beds/ten thousand people 3.3.1.3 According district-level administrative units Districts with a doctors/ten thousand people always higher than the whole province are Quy Nhon, An Lao, Vinh Thanh, Van Canh, of which Quy Nhon always has the highest number of doctors in the province with 31.7 doctors/ten thousand people The remaining districts are lower than the provincial average, with the lowest in Tuy Phuoc 5.9 doctors The number of hospital beds/ten thousand people in Quy Nhon is 108 beds/ten thousand people, the highest in the province The remaining districts are lower than the provincial average, the lowest is Tuy Phuoc 5.9 beds/ten thousand people The mountainous districts of Van Canh, Vinh Thanh, An Lao, although the number of beds and doctors are much lower than other localities, but because of the small population size makes this correlation quite high, this is an opportunity for people to continue access in their health care… 3.3.2 Medical expenditure/person/year (VND) In 2010, the expenditure on health reached 220.4 thousand VND/person, slowly increasing over the years and by 2018 it was 557.6 thousand VND/ person/ year This level of health spending is always lower than that of the South Central Coast region, in 2010, it was only 65.4% and in 2018 it was 93.7% in the region, ranking 5/7 provinces and cities of the region Compared to the whole country, this criterion is also at a lower level, 76.1% and 53.5% respectively 3.4 Supporting indicators group 3.4.1 Households having permanent dwelling rate - Binh Dinh province: There is little change and is always the highest in the structure of households with houses, reaching 65.6% in 2018 (3/8 provinces) and 15.9% higher than the whole country - By sub-regions: In the EP-CS (91,9%) was always higher than the WH-MS (59.5%) However, the rate increases by sub-region the opposite - According district-level administrative units: Increase in all districts, Quy Nhon highest with 98.1%, followed by An Nhon, Hoai Nhon especially the progress of Tay Son with 70.1% (up 12.0%), Van Canh was the lowest with 33.2% 3.4.2 Households using safe toilet rate - Binh Dinh province: In 2010, it reached 57.2%, in 2018 it was 89.0%, lower than 3.4% in the region, ranking 5/8 provinces Although households having permanent dwelling rate has increased and reached high levels, households using safe toilet rate low indicating investment in raising income to spend on housing construction, stability life for people is important, while investment in building toilets is not adequately invested because of family economic conditions and PLS in rural and mountainous areas pay less attention to the issue this than in other regions - By sub-regions: Like the solid housing conditions, the EP-CS are always higher than those in the WH-MS, respectively 95.6% and 66.1% in 2018 - According district-level administrative units: The rate is highest in Quy Nhon with 99.8%, An Nhon 76.2% and lowest in An Lao only 40.2% 15 3.5 Evaluate the current situation of PLS in Binh Dinh province 3.5.1 Evaluation according to the indicators The author chooses how to evaluate and rank PLS by territory by statistical grouping method and scale-based evaluation method with criteria1 3.5.1.1 Evaluate the current situation of PLS in BinhDinh proe in the SCC region Synthesize the results of evaluation of the PLS according indicators of Binh Dinh compared to the South Central Coast region in 2018 No Indicators PCI/month (thousand VND) The poverty rate (%) The GINI coefficients Difference 20% of income (time) Net enrolment rate (%) The number of doctors/10.000 people The number of hopistal beds/10.000 people Households having permanent dwelling rate (%) Households using safe toilet rate (%) Total points Value SCC Binh region Dinh 3,023 3,295 5.5 6.0 0.333 0.343 6.6 7.3 91.8 91.2 9.4 5.7 31.1 28.0 Grouping in SCC region Groups Points Medium Medium Pretty high Pretty low Medium High Pretty high 65.6 60.2 Pretty high 89.0 85,5 Pretty high 34 According to the evaluation results, the PLS in Binh Dinh province belongs to Group - Pretty high (from 30.6 to 37.8 points), only lower than the Da Nang city (39.0 points - High group) and higher than the rest of the South Central Coast 3.5.1.2 Evaluate the current situation of PLS by sub-regions a Through secondary data PLS in the EP-CS is higher than the WH-MS At the same time, the change of PLS in the EP-CS is somewhat slower than that of WH-MS b Through primary data from household survey results The sample of 198 men and 202 women, information on age, ethnicity, knowledge ensures representativeness with random stratification according to set objectives The survey results were processed by SPSS 20.0, analyzing descriptive statistics in terms of % frequency of the variables, from which evaluation and conclusion - Economic indicators group: + PCI/month and difference the cumulative gap ratio 20% of the two lowest income groups compared with 20% of the two highest income groups: Income in the EP-CS accounts for the majority in group with 33.7% (from 3.0 to 3.2 million dong), group (over 6.0 million dong) accounts for 6.2%; the cumulative gap ratio of the lowest groups is 34.2%, the highest groups are 28.2% Correspondingly, WH-MS accounted for the majority of with 44.2% (less than million VND), cumulative rates 69.5% and 4.2% The author used Armand's (1975) formula, where the maximum combined score is 45, the lowest is 9, with PLS groups, the group distance is defined as [(45-9) / 5] = 16 + Source of income: There are 126/305 (41.3%) from salaries, wages and 90/305 from non-AFF in the EP-CS In contrast, in the WH-MS, there were 66/95 households collected from AFF (66.3%), only 12/95 households (accounting for 12.6%) collected from wages and wages The number of employees working far away in M&W mountains is higher than in the EP-CS + Poverty issue and participation in poverty reduction programs: In the EP-CS, there are poor households (2.3%), 29 poor access households (9.5%), respectively WH-MS has 26/95 poor households (27.4%) and 10 poor access households (10.5%) The reasons for households escaping from poverty and near poverty are accessing and benefiting from capital resources in implementing poverty reduction programs/projects, improving their livelihoods and developing socio-economic development in the locality, the majority in the EP-CS is investment in disadvantaged areas, coastal communes occupy 55 households (60.0%), in the WHMS is a project in disadvantaged mountainous areas, areas of ethnic minorities (30/55 households, 55.0%), program 30a, 135 (38/55 households, nearly 70.0%) It is also a support policy in implementing the New Rural program, loans from policy sources, student- student capital, loans from relatives, friends - Education-trainning indicators group:: + The number of people who not go to high school or can not read or write: The majority of the people in the EP-CS are person with 153/305 households (50.2%), people with 26 households (8.5%), there is no household with people who not go to high school and 123 households have no one who does not go to school The reason for not going to school is sickness or disability In the WHMS, the highest proportion of households with people who don't go to school is 20/95 households (21.1%), people are 10 households (10.5%) The reason is the inability to pay tuition fees (56.0%), working as hired labor to increase income + Average distance from home to educational institution: The EP-CS have 183/305 communes, wards have no High school (60.0%), remaining communes have a distance of 4-5 km with 68 households 55, 7%), 41 households less than km (33.7%) Favorable level according to Mean = 2.62 (lower bound of average) In contrast, in the WH-MS, there are 75/95 communes without High schools (78.9%), from to km, 33 households (34.7%) Favorable level according to Mean = 3.52 (lower bound for favorable level) - Medical and health care indicators group: + People with health insurance: The EP-CS have 281/305 households (92.1%), households with members account for 39.8% - the highest The WH-MS has 81/95 households (89.4%), of which person household accounts for the highest with 46.9% + Type of health insurance: The type of voluntary health care in the EP-CS accounts for 78.6%, much higher than the WH-MS (only 37.0%) + Level of convenience of households to access health facilities: The EP-CS, the average distance from home to the health station is 1-2 km, 122 households, 17 accounting for 40.0%, other facilities are quite convenient due to transportation and transportation In contrast, in the WH-MS, there are 68/95 households (71.6%) the distance to the health station is 3-5km, the distance to the hospital from 50-70km has 31 households (32.6%), more than half travel is quite difficult due to limitations in infrastructure, topography, consciousness - Supporting indicators group households and environmental sanitation: + Type of housing: In the EP-CS, there are 214/305 households with permanent houses (70.2%), the type of housing is not permanent, only 3/305 households (1.0%) and no housing simple, temporary house In the WH-MS for this criterion is lower, solid houses have 31/95 households (32.6%), 21/95 households have nonpermanent houses (22.1%) and still 12/95 households have simple houses, temporary houses (accounting for 12.6%), these are households living in difficult mountainous communes, ethnic H're ethnic minority (An Toan, An Nghia in An Lao district), Bana, Cham… (Vinh Son, Vinh Kim in Vinh Thanh district) + Type of toilets: In the EP-CS, there are 227/305 households using hygienic latrines (74.4%), 78/305 households using unhygienic toilets or no toilets (25, 6%) In the WH-MS, the number of households using unhygienic latrines or not having toilets is higher than that of households using hygienic toilets, 48/95 households (50.5%) and 47/95 households (accounting for 49.5%) and significantly contrasts with the EP-CS Thus, through the survey results, comparison between objects, combined with secondary documents have identified the picture of the differentiation of PLS, whereby PLS by territory is divided into two polar groups, which is sub the EP-CS and the WH-MS, along with the characteristics of nature, the level of socioeconomic development here (map 3.4) 3.5.1.3 Evaluate the current situation of PLS by district level a Determine the group, group distance of each indicator On the basis of analysis indicator in 2018, apply the statistical grouping with unequal grouping distance method to determine the group and points of each group (map 3.5) b General evaluate and rating the PLS Results of raiting the PLS by district in Binh Dinh province in 2018 No 10 11 District Quy Nhơn city Hoai Nhon dist Tuy Phuoc dist An Nhon town Phu My dist Phu Cat dist Tay Son dist Hoai An dist Vinh Thanh dist Van Canh dist An Lao dist Total points 42 34 31 30 25 25 22 18 17 15 14 Group distance (points) Over 37.8 PLS rankings High From 30.6 to 37.8 Pretty high From 23.4 to 30.5 Medium From 16.2 đến 23.4 Pretty low Under 16.2 Low 18 3.5.2 Overall evaluate 3.5.2.1 Achievement PLS improves dramatically in every way from size to quality of the achievement of life indicator Rank pretty high, standing 7/8 provinces, cities in the SCC region The rich and poor differentiation in PLS is increasingly improving in a positive direction; The rate of multidimensional poor households is decreasing Education and training indicators have continuously changed in a positive direction; Awareness of medical - health care issues in the regions has been improved in order to develop targets and towards future sustainability; Living conditions have been gradually improved to meet the increasing needs of the people 3.5.2.2 Limitations, causes PCI/month has increased continuously but is not stable; The proportion of multidimensionally poor households has decreased but is still high; The rich and poor differentiation is getting more and more deepening when the PCI/month is increasing, the division into two extreme rich - poor, groups of PLS very distinctly different from sub-regions in the province The middle-school dropout status is still high; Overcrowding at provincial health facilities, service quality and irresponsible health workers at medical facilities; Living conditions indicators have been improved, but are still low Some causes of the weaknesses of PLS in Binh Dinh province in the period 2010 - 2018 can be found as follows: Exploitation of resources is not really effective; The quality of human resources is insufficient and weak; Unusual changes in weather and climate; Domestic and foreign market volatility; Leadership in implementing programs and actions are not evenly done; There is a clear differentiation of resources by subregion and administrative unit Chapter ORIENTATION AND SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE RESIDENTIAL LIVING STANDARD IN BINH DINH PROVINCE 4.1 Orientation to improve the PLS in BinhDinh province 4.1.1 Basis for orientation construction The main basis for orientation construction to improve PLS is the documents of the Party, State and Binh Dinh province on socio-economic development in general and the contents associated with PLS in particular, and based on the results assessing the status of PLS in Binh Dinh province in the period 2010-2018 in the area… 4.1.2 Viewpoints and objective 4.1.2.1 Viewpoints Promoting the exploitation and maximizing the strengths and potentials of resources in each sub-region on the basis of the association of the value chain for the production specialized products; Increase labor productivity, increase income and shift expenditure structure for living in the direction of reducing the rate of spending on food, drinking, smoking and increasing the rate of spending not eating, drinking, 19 smoking Training and retraining to improve the people's intellectual level, increasing the accumulation capacity in the population and towards a sustainable PLS 4.1.2.2 Objective - Economic indicators: + By 2020, the PCI/month is 3.5 million dong, in 2025 it is 3.8 million dong In 2020, the economic structure of AFF 16.0%, Industry-Construction 43.0% and service 41.0%, to 2025 is 46.0%, 9.0%, 45.0% + To reduce the rate of poor households by 2020 to less than 5.0%, striving for 30% of communes, coastal areas and islands to get rid of extremely difficult situations; 20% - 30% of communes and villages with difficulties in ethnic minority and mountainous areas get rid of difficult situations - Education – training indicators: By 2020, 100% of communes will have enough networks, general education and community learning centers to meet learning needs and disseminate knowledge to people; 80% of communes have school facilities meeting new rural standards; rate of trained workers, retraining, vocational training reaches 56%; - Medical and health care indicators: + By 2020, 100% of communes, wards and townships will meet the national set of health criteria; The average age of accommodation is 74 years old, by 2025 it is 75 years old; Number of doctors/10,000 people: 10 doctors, by 2025 it is 12 doctors; The number of beds/10,000 people is 35.0 and 39.0 beds respectively; + Child mortality rate