Metaphorical conceptualization of happin

Metaphorical Conceptualization of Happiness and Anger in English and Arabic: A Comparative Study by Ahmad KhairAllah Al Sharif Supervisor: Prof Fawwaz Al-Abed Al-Haq Program: Linguistics 16th April 2007 i Metaphorical Conceptualization of Happiness and Anger in English and Arabic: A Comparative Study By Ahmad Khair-Allah Omar Al-Sharif B.A in English Language and Literature, Al-alBayt University, 2005 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of English Language and Literature, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan Approved by: Prof Fawwaz Al-Abed Al-Haq: Supervisor and Chairman Professor of Linguistics, Dean of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Yarmouk University Dr Lutfi Abul-Haija'a:……………… Member Associate Professor of Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature, Yarmouk University Dr Mohammad Nahar Al-Ali: ……………………Member Associate Professor of Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature, Yarmouk University Prof Yousef Abu-Al-Udous: ………………………Member Professor of Rhetoric and Criticism, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Yarmouk University April 16, 2007 ii Dedication There's in my heart a word shall be said On me there's a debt for my lord to be paid And my dearest thanks for his gratitude and bless Learning that save his aid my efforts were hopeless Lend me, my pal, some moments of your precious time Where to those whom I adore I assemble my rhyme Here, I see them like glittering stars, my tutors stand On their tracks, suppliantly, I raise and bestow my hand Keen I'm to those who granted me the light of art Now from my heart, adoring merits to theirs depart Oh, how could my heart forget my dearest of all? What about my parents, to whom I owe my only soul My lord, I seek for guidance to the next fruitful stage Enable my tied soul to fly out of this golden cage To all who know me… Ahmad K.O AlSharif 16th of April 2007 iii Acknowledgment Writing this thesis was not an accomplishment of my own Hence, I would like to express some sincere words of thanks to the people that were indispensable in the realization of this work First and foremost, I owe the greatest thanks to Professor Fawwaz Al-AbdulHaq, my supervisor, for everything he has done for me over the last periods of time He was the one who motivated me to conduct a serious profound academic research that meets the high standards of the field His continuous encouragement, enthusiasm and determination, as well as his outstanding insights and dedication to his work as the dean of scientific research at Yarmouk University have always inspired me I would like to thank him for the pleasant and stimulating discussions, and the time he took for guiding me in this field Moreover, I will always remember the hospitality and joy I received from his office secretary on many occasions But above all, I'm most grateful for his everlasting belief in me, because without it, this thesis would never have become a reality Professor AlAbdulHaq, it was a great honor to have had the opportunity to work under your supervision, and I am looking forward to go on together in another academic work I would like to express my sincere gratitude for Professor Mohammad Nahar Al-Ali for his nice co-operation and his encouraging and supportive words during the first stages of this study, and to his participation in the committee I want to thank you all for taking the time to carefully read through the texts Your useful suggestions and constructive comments shall significantly improve the quality of this work Furthermore, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all the members of the committee: Professor Lutfi Abul-Haija'a for his nice cooperation, and encouraging and supportive words when needed; and iv Professor Yousef Abul-Udous for his great insights and all his help with the data I couldn’t forget that special thanks are reserved for my outstanding tutor: Professor Shahir El-Hassan for the sincere and earnest education and edification that he implanted in our souls during our postgraduate study at Yarmouk University, this magnificent scholar edifice In addition, I owe many thanks to all the staff of Al-Husseinya Library at Yarmouk University who contributed significantly to my work I want to thank them for their co-operation in our study and for providing access to the universal databases Last but not least, the unconditional support and understanding from my family, relatives, friends and colleagues were invaluable in the accomplishment of this thesis I especially remember the encouragement from my friend and cousin Owais, and my parents and brothers who took care of everything at home during the many times I was very busy with my work It was because of your help that I succeeded in weathering the ups and downs in the past two, very turbulent years of my life Ahmad KhairAllah Omar AlSharif Irbid, 16th April 2007 v Table of Contents Section Page Dedication ii Acknowledgment iv Table of Contents vi List of Arabic Phonetic Symbols ix List of Used Abbreviations xi List of Figures xii Abstract in English xiii Chapter One: Theoretical Background 1.1) Definition of Metaphorical language 1.1.a) Metaphor 1.1.b) Metonymy 1.2) The Study of Metaphor 1.2.a Metaphor in the Western Tradition 1.2.b Metaphor in Early Arabic Tradition 1.3) Functions of Metaphorical Language 10 1.4) Emotions in Language 11 1.4.a) Overview 11 1.4.b) Metaphor and Metonymy in Emotion Language 14 1.5) Metaphorical Language Processing 15 1.5.a) The Comparison Theory 16 1.5.b) Conceptual Metaphor Theory 18 1.6) Universality of Metaphorical Conceptualization 19 1.6.a) Universal Metaphorical Conceptualizations 20 1.6.b) Cultural Variation of Metaphorical Conceptualizations 22 vi 24 Summary Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature 26 2.1) The Conceptualization of Metaphorical Language 26 2.2) The Role of Metaphor in Emotion Language 29 2.3) Cross-Cultural Studies of Metaphor 30 35 Summary Chapter Three: Methods 36 3.1) Statement of the Problem 36 3.2) Purpose of the Study 36 3.3) Questions of The Study 37 3.4) Data Collection 37 3.5) Procedures of Data Analysis 38 3.6) Significance of the Study 39 3.7) Limitations of the Study 40 Chapter Four: Findings and Discussions 41 4.1) Metaphorical Conceptualization of Happiness 43 4.1.1 Orientational Metaphors 44 4.1.2 Light Metaphors 49 4.1.3 Container Metaphors 54 4.1.4 Vitality, Energy, and Agitation Metaphors 63 4.1.5 Miscellaneous Minor Metaphors 68 4.1.5 a Animalistic Behavior Metaphor 69 4.1.5.b Insanity Metaphor 71 4.1.5.c The Desired Hidden Object Metaphor 73 4.1.5.d The Opponent Metaphor 76 vii 77 Summary 4.2) Metaphorical Conceptualization of Anger 79 4.2.1 Heat Metaphors 80 4.2.2 Insanity Metaphor 96 4.2.3 The Opponent Metaphor 100 4.2.4 Animalistic Behavior Metaphor 103 4.2.5 Natural Force Metaphor 106 4.2.6 Burden Metaphor 108 110 Summary Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendations 112 5.1 Conclusions 112 5.2 Recommendations 121 English References 124 Arabic References 131 The Sources of Arabic Expressions Used As Examples for This Study Appendix : Some English Metaphorical Expressions Used in Describing Happiness 132 Appendix : Some English Metaphorical Expressions Used in Describing Anger 136 Appendix : The Arabic Metaphorical Expressions Used as Examples in Describing Happiness and Anger for this study 141 Abstract in Arabic 147 viii 134 List of Arabic Phonetic Symbols Consonants Arabic Consonant ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫س‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫هـ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ Description Symbol Voiced glottal stop Voiced bilabial stop Voiceless dento-alveolar stop Voiceless interdental fricative Voiced post-alveolar fricative Devoiced pharyngeal fricative Voiceless velar fricative Voiced dento-alveolar stop Voiced interdental fricative Voiced alveo-palatal trill Voiced alveolar fricative Voiceless alveolar fricative Voiceless alveo-palatal fricative Voiceless velarised alveolar fricative Voiced velarised dento-alveolar stop Voiceless velarised dento-alveolar fricative Voiced velarised interdental fricative Voiced pharyngeal fricative Voiced uvular fricative Voiceless labio-dental fricative Voiceless uvular stop Voiceless velar stop Voiced alveolar lateral Voiced bilabial nasal Voiced alveolar nasal Voiceless glottal fricative Voiced labiovelar glide Voiced palatal glide ? b t θ j ħ x d ð r z s š S Đ ŧ Z* c γ f q k l m n h w i * Some of the enlisted phonetic symbols are conventionalized within this research only, not all of them match the standard IPA symbols (adopted with changes from (alyaqout, 2005) and (Morris, 1975)) ix Vowel endings and long vowels Symbol Description i Front short close vowel a Front short open vowel u Back short close vowel ii Front long close vowel aa Front long open vowel uu Back long close vowel Example / Xaaliq / / baa c a / / muħaarib / / rafiiq / / ħaad / / ŧuruud / x Meaning creator sold warrior companion sharp parcels ‫‪ 8‬ﻣﻨﻴﻒ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒ ﺪاﻝﺮﺣﻤﻦ‪ (1988) ‬ﻣ ﺪن اﻝﻤﻠ ﺢ‪:‬اﻷﺧ ﺪود‪ ‬ﺏﻴ ﺮوت‪:‬اﻝﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ اﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺪراﺳﺎت‬ ‫‪ 9‬ﻣﻨﻴ ﻒ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒ ﺪاﻝﺮﺣﻤﻦ)‪ (1989a‬ﻣ ﺪن اﻝﻤﻠ ﺢ‪:‬ﺗﻘﺎﺳ ﻴﻢ اﻝﻠﻴ ﻞ واﻝﻨﻬ ﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏﻴﺮوت‪:‬اﻝﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺪراﺳﺎت و اﻝﻨﺸﺮ‪,‬‬ ‫‪ 10‬ﻣﻨﻴ ﻒ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒ ﺪاﻝﺮﺣﻤﻦ‪ (1989b).‬ﻣ ﺪن اﻝﻤﻠ ﺢ‪:‬اﻝﻤﻨﺒ ﺖ‪ ‬ﺏﻴ ﺮوت‪:‬اﻝﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ اﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺪراﺳﺎت‬ ‫‪ 11‬ﻣﻨﻴ ﻒ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒ ﺪاﻝﺮﺣﻤﻦ‪ (1989c).‬ﻣ ﺪن اﻝﻤﻠ ﺢ‪:‬ﺏﺎدﻳ ﺔ اﻝﻈﻠﻤ ﺎت‪ ‬ﺏﻴ ﺮوت‪:‬اﻝﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺪراﺳﺎت و اﻝﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪ 12‬ﻣﻨﻴ ﻒ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒ ﺪاﻝﺮﺣﻤﻦ‪ (1992) ‬ﻣ ﺪن اﻝﻤﻠ ﺢ‪ :‬اﻝﺘﻴ ﻪ‪ ‬ﺏﻴ ﺮوت‪:‬اﻝﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ اﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺪراﺳﺎت‬ ‫‪ 13‬اﻝﻴﺎزﺝﻲ‪ ,‬اﻝﺸﻴﺦ اﺏﺮاهﻴﻢ‪ (1970) ‬ﻥﺠﻌﺔ اﻝﺮاﺋ ﺪ وﺵ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻝ ﻮارد ﻓ ﻲ اﻝﻤﺘ ﺮادف‬ ‫واﻝﻤﺘﻮارد‪ ‬ﻝﺒﻨﺎن‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻝﺒﻨﺎن‬ ‫‪14 Parkinson, Dilworth (2006) Using Arabic Synonyms Cambridge‬‬ ‫‪University Press Uk‬‬ ‫‪133‬‬ Appendix Some English Metaphorical Expressions Used in Describing Happiness No 10 11 12 13 Source: (Kovecses 1991) Metaphorical Mapping Example HAPPINESS IS LIGHT Look on the bright side When she heard the news, she lit up Nothing to worry about, brighten up He radiates joy Her face was bright with happiness There was a glow of happiness in her face She has a sunny smile You are the sunshine in my life He was gleaming She was shining with joy HAPPINESS IS DISEASE EYES ARE THE CONTAINERS OF THE EMOTIONS BRIGHT EYES STAND FOR HAPPINESS BEING HAPPY IS BEING OFF THE GROUND 31 32 I was flying high Not even her nagging could bring him down She was on cloud nine I'm six feet off the ground We were in the clouds I was just soaring with happiness After the exam, I was walking on air for days They were riding high We were on top of the world I was floating My heart was soaring like an angel The bird of happiness Happy as a lark 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Amusement gleamed in his eyes His eyes glinted when he saw the money His eyes were shining Her eyes were sparkling like diamonds 14 15 16 17 Her good mood was contagious His laughter was infectious BEING HAPPY IS BEING IN HEAVEN That was heaven on earth I've died and gone to heaven They were in hog heaven 134 No 33 34 Metaphorical Mapping Example It was paradise on earth I was in seventh heaven 35 36 37 HAPPY IS UP We had to cheer her up They were in high spirits Lighten up 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 JUMPING UP AND DOWN He jumped for joy She was leaping with joy We were dancing with joy They kicked up their heels She had a ball He was singing for joy I am so happy I could sing She flushed with joy He blushed with joy 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 HAPPINESS IS VITALITY He was alive with joy I am feeling spry I felt vivacious He's in lively mood today She's animated with joy He was the life of the party That put some life into them I gave them a shot in the arm HAPPINESS/JOY IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER We were full of joy 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 DANCING SINGING FLUSHING The sight filled them with joy I brimmed over with joy when I saw her She couldn't contain her joy any longer He bubbled over with joy when he got his Christmas presents Joy welled up inside her He bubbled over with joy when he got his Christmas presents He was overflowing with joy 135 Appendix Some English Metaphorical Expressions Used in Describing Anger No Sources: (Lakoff & Kovesces 1983; Lakoff, 1987) Metaphorical Mapping Example BODY HEAT: Don’t get hot under the collar Billy’s a hothead They were having a heated argument When the cop gave her a ticket, she got all hot and bothered and started cursing INTERNAL PRESSURE: Don’t get a hernia! When I found out, I almost burst a blood vessel He almost had a hemorrhage REDNESS IN FACE AND NECK AREA: She was scarlet with rage He got red with anger He was flushed with anger 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 AGITATION: She was shaking with anger I was hopping mad He was quivering with rage He’s all worked up There’s no need to get so excited about it! She’s all wrought up You look upset INTERFERENCE WITH ACCURATE PERCEPTION: She was blind with rage I was beginning to see red I was so mad I couldn’t see straight 19 20 21 THE BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR THE EMOTIONS He was filled with anger She couldn’t contain her joy She was brimming with rage Try to get your anger out of your system 22 23 24 25 ANGER IS THE HEAT OF A FLUID IN A CONTAINER You make my blood boil Simmer down! I had reached the boiling point Let him stew She was seething with rage 26 27 28 29 136 No 30 Metaphorical Mapping WHEN THE INTENSITY OF ANGER INCREASES, THE FLUID RISES She could feel her gorge rising We got a rise out of him My anger kept building up inside me Pretty soon I was in a towering rage 31 32 33 34 35 INTENSE ANGER PRODUCES STEAM She got all steamed up Billy’s just blowing off steam I was fuming 36 37 38 INTENSE ANGER PRODUCES PRESSURE ON THE CONTAINER A VARIANT OF THIS INVOLVES KEEPING THE PRESSURE BACK 43 44 WHEN ANGER BECOMES TOO INTENSE, THE PERSON EXPLODES When I told him, he just exploded She blew up at me We won’t tolerate any more of your outbursts 46 47 48 THIS CAN BE ELABORATED BY USING SPECIAL CASES Pistons: He blew a gasket Volcanoes: She erupted Electricity: I blew a fuse Explosives: She’s on a short fuse Bombs: That really set me off 49 50 51 52 53 I suppressed my anger He turned his anger inward He managed to keep his anger bottled up inside him He was blue in the face 42 45 He was bursting with anger I could barely contain my rage I could barely keep it in anymore 39 40 41 Example His pent-up anger welled up inside him WHEN A PERSON EXPLODES, PARTS OF HIM GO UP IN THE AIR I blew my stack I blew my top She flipped her lid He hit the ceiling 54 55 56 137 No 57 58 Metaphorical Mapping Example I went through the roof WHEN A PERSON EXPLODES, WHAT WAS INSIDE HIM COMES OUT His anger finally came out Smoke was pouring out of his ears 59 60 ELABORATING IN TERMS OF ANIMAL GETTING BIRTH She was having kittens My mother will have a cow when I tell her 61 62 ANGER CAN BE LET OUT UNDER CONTROL He let out his anger I gave vent to my anger Channel your anger into something constructive He took out his anger on me 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 ANGER IS FIRE Those are inflammatory remarks She was doing a slow burn What you said inflamed him He was breathing fire Your insincere apology just added fuel to the fire After the argument, Dave was smoldering for days That kindled my ire Boy, am I burned up! He was consumed by his anger ANGER IS INSANITY I just touched him, and he went crazy You’re driving me nuts! When the umpire called him out on strikes, he went bananas One more complaint and I’ll go berserk He got so angry, he went out of his mind When he gets angry, he goes bonkers She went into an insane rage If anything else goes wrong, I’ll get hysterical INSANE BEHAVIOR STANDS FOR ANGER When my mother finds out, she’ll have a fit 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 When the ump threw him out of the game, Billy started foaming at the mouth 84 138 No 85 86 87 Metaphorical Mapping Example He’s fit to be tied He’s about to throw a tantrum VIOLENT FRUSTRATED BEHAVIOR STANDS FOR ANGER If one more thing goes wrong, I’ll start banging my head against the wall The loud music next door has got him climbing the walls! She’s been slamming doors all morning 88 89 90 91 ANGER IS AN OPPONENT (IN A STRUGGLE) ANGER IS A DANGEROUS ANIMAL He has a ferocious temper He has a fierce temper It’s dangerous to arouse his anger That awakened my ire His anger grew He has a monstrous temper He unleashed his anger Don’t let your anger get out of hand He lost his grip on his anger His anger is insatiable 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 I’m struggling with my anger He was battling his anger She fought back her anger You need to subdue your anger I’ve been wrestling with my anger all day I was seized by anger I’m finally coming to grips with my anger He lost control over his anger Anger took control of him He surrendered to his anger He yielded to his anger I was overcome by anger Her anger has been appeased 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 He’s tearing his hair out! ANGRY BEHAVIOR IS AGGRESSIVE ANIMAL BEHAVIOR He was bristling with anger That got my hackles up He began to bare his teeth That ruffled her feathers 115 116 117 139 No 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 Metaphorical Mapping Example She was bridling with anger Don’t snap at me! I was growling with rage He started snarling Don’t bite my head off! Why’d you jump down my throat? AGGRESSIVE VERBAL BEHAVIOR STANDS FOR ANGER I really chewed him out good! 125 126 AGGRESSIVE VISUAL BEHAVIOR STANDS FOR ANGER THE CAUSE OF ANGER IS A PHYSICAL ANNNOYANCE Stop bugging me! Don’t be a pain in the ass Get off my back! You don’t have to ride me so hard You’re getting under my skin He’s a pain in the neck Don’t be a pest! 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 CAUSING ANGER IS TRESPASSING You’re beginning to get to me Get out of here! Leave me alone! This is where I draw the line! Don’t step on my toes! 138 139 140 141 142 She was looking daggers at me He gave me a dirty look If looks could kill, He was glowering at me 127 128 129 130 She gave him a tongue-lashing ANGER IS A BURDEN Unburdening himself of his anger gave him a sense of relief After I let out my anger, I felt a sense of release After I lost my temper, I felt lighter He carries his anger around with him He has a chip on his shoulder You’ll feel better if you get it off your chest 143 144 145 146 147 140 ‫‪Appendix 3‬‬ ‫‪The Arabic Metaphorical Expressions Used as Example in Describing‬‬ ‫‪Happiness and Anger for this study‬‬ ‫‪No‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Metaphorical Mapping‬‬ ‫‪Expression‬‬ ‫‪BEING HAPPY IS BEING‬‬ ‫‪ OFF THE GROUND‬آﺎد ﻳﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﺣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Page‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎر ﻓﺆادﻩ ﻓﺮﺣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫أﻃﻴﺮ ﺏﺠﻨﺎح اﻝﺴﺮور ﻣﺮﺣﺎ‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫)‪Alθa alibii (1984‬‬ ‫‪181-180‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻠﻨﻲ آﻮاهﻞ أرﺿﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alθa alibii (1984‬‬ ‫‪181-180‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫هﻄﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺤﺎﺏﺔ اﻝﺤﺒﻮر‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alθa calibii (1984‬‬ ‫‪181-180‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺎﺋﺐ ﻏﺒﻄﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alθa calibii (1984‬‬ ‫‪181-180‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺏﺮﻗﺖ أﺳﺎرﻳﺮﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﻝﻤﻌﺖ ﺻﻔﺤﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﻝﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺗﻪ ﻥﻮر اﻝﺒﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫أﺵﺮق ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺒﺎح اﻝﺒﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﻝﻤﻊ اﻝﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫أﺳﻔﺮ وﺝﻬﻪ و ﺗﻸﻷ‪.‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻠﻞ اﻝﻮﺝﻪ ﻓﺮﺣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪Mustafa et al.‬‬ ‫)‪(1985‬‬ ‫‪Mustafa et al.‬‬ ‫)‪(1985‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪ HAPPINESS IS LIGHT‬اﻥﻪ ﻣﺸﺮق اﻝﺠﺒﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪HAPPINESS IS A FLUID IN‬‬ ‫‪ A CONTAINER‬ﻗﻠﺒﻲ آﻠﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﺾ ﺏﺎﻝﻔﺮﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﺮام اﻝﺬي ﻳﻜﻨﻪ اﻝﺠﻤﻬﻮر ﻝﻲ ﻳﻐﻤﺮﻥﻲ‬ ‫ﺏﺎﻝﻐﺒﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺧﺬت اﻝﺴﻌﺎدة ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ إﻝﻰ ﻗﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ أﻣﺎ ﻝﻮﻝﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺏﻴﺖ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ إﻻ ﻓﺎرق اﻝﺴﻜﻨﺎ‪ ‬وﻻ اﻣﺘﻸ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺣﺎ إﻻ اﻣﺘﻸ ﺣﺰﻥﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻸ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻝﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﺮورًا ﺏﻤﺎ ذآﺮت ﻝﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫وﺝﺪﺗﻪ ﻗﺪ اﻣﺘﻸ ﻓﺮﺣًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫آﺎن ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻳﻨﻀﺢ ﺏﺎﻝﺴﺮور‪.‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫آﺎن ﻳﻄﻔﺢ ﺏﺎﻝﻨﺸﺎط واﻝﻤﺮح‪.‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻝﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻝﻔﺮح اﻝﺬي ﻳﻤﻸ ﺻﺪرهﺎ‬ ‫‪ HAPPINESS IS A FLUID IN‬دﺧﻞ اﻝﻔﺮح إﻝﻰ ﻗﻠﻮب اﻝﻜﺜﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺏﻌﺪ زﻳﺎرة‬ ‫‪ A CONTAINER‬اﻷﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺰر‬ ‫وﺝﺪوا أﻥﻔﺴﻬﻢ وﻗﺪ اﻣﺘﻠﺌﻮا ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ وﻣﺮﺣﺎ‬ ‫‪141‬‬ ‫)‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪233-232‬‬ ‫)‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪233-232‬‬ ‫)‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪233-232‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1988‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1988‬‬ ‫‪vol.3-p.252‬‬ ‫‪vol.6-p.23‬‬ ‫‪vol.6-p.23‬‬ ‫‪vol.6-p.252‬‬ ‫‪153‬‬ ‫‪565‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1988‬‬ ‫‪366‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989c‬‬ ‫‪351‬‬ ‫‪No‬‬ ‫‪Metaphorical Mapping‬‬ ‫‪Expression‬‬ ‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Page‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫ﺏﻤﻘﺪار اﻝﻔﺮح اﻝﺬي ﻳﻔﻴﺾ أﻳﺎم اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989a‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫هﺬا ﺧﺒﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺙﻠﺠﺖ ﻝﻪ ﻥﻔﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫وﺝﺪت ﺏﻪ ﺏﺮد آﺒﺪي‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫وﺝﺪت ﺏﻪ ﺏﺮد اﻝﺴﺮور‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪199-197‬‬ ‫)‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪233-232‬‬ ‫)‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪234-232‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪HAPPINESS IS A COLD‬‬ ‫‪ FLUID IN A CONTAINER‬ﺙﻠﺞ ﻝﻪ ﺻﺪري‪.‬‬ ‫‪ HAPPINESS IS AIR‬ﻣﻸت اﻝﺠﻮ ﻓﺮﺣﺎ وﺣﺒﻮرا‪.‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺝﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻔﺮح واﻝﺒﻬﺠﺔ‪ ‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎول أن ﻳﻌﻴﺪ ﺝﻮ اﻝﻤﺮح‬ ‫)‪Munif ( 1992‬‬ ‫‪282‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫آﻴﻒ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻝﺠﻮ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﺎ‬ ‫)‪Munif (1988‬‬ ‫‪221‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪Vitality, energy, and agitation‬‬ ‫‪ metaphors‬ﺏﺸﺮت ﻓﻼﻥﺎ ﻓﻬﺰ ﻝﻪ ﻣﻨﻜﺒﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫أﺧﺬت ﻣﻨﻪ هﺰة اﻝﻄﺮب‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﻝﻢ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻥﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻄﺮب‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫راﻳﺘﻪ ﻳﺜﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻔﺮح‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫راﻳﺘﻪ ﻳﺮﻗﺺ ﻃﺮﺏﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫آﺎد ﻳﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﺝﻠﺪﻩ ﻓﺮﺣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻔﻖ ﺏﻴﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻄﺮب‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨﻔﺲ ﺳﺮورا‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪233-232‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫آﺎن أﺧﻲ إﻥﺴﺎﻥﺎ ﻓﺮﺣﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻤﺘﻠﺌﺎ ﺏﺎﻝﺤﻴﺎة‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪233-232‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫هﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﺚ اﻝﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨﻔﻮس‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺳﺖ ﺏﺬور اﻷﻣﻞ واﻝﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﻝﺪى اﻝﻔﻘﺮاء‬ ‫واﻝﻤﺤﺮوﻣﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪233-232‬‬ ‫)‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪233-232‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪A HAPPY PERSON IS AN‬‬ ‫‪ANIMAL (THAT LIVES‬‬ ‫)‪ WELL‬ﻳﺠﺮ ذﻳﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﺣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺤﺐ أذﻳﺎل اﻝﻐﺒﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪ HAPPINESS IS INSANITY‬آﺪت أﺝﻦ ﺳﺮورًا‪.‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪ HAPPINESS IS INSANITY‬آﺪت أهﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﺣًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alθa alibii (1984‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫ﺏﻠﻎ اﻝﻔﺮح ﺣﺪ اﻝﺠﻨﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫أآﺎد ان ﻳﻐﺸﻰ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺮورا‪.‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪HAPPINESS IS A DESIRED‬‬ ‫‪ HIDDEN OBJECT‬آﺎن ﻓﺮﺣﻪ ﻳﻜﺒﺮ وﻳﺰداد ﻣﻊ آﻞ آﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻝﺴﻠﻄﺎن وﺣﺪﻩ ﻝﻢ ﻳﻌﺮف آﻴﻒ ﻳﺨﻔﻲ ﻓﺮﺣﻪ‬ ‫وإﻋﺠﺎﺏﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫هﺬا اﻝﻤﺮح ﻏﺎدرﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫‪142‬‬ ‫‪vol.2-p.165‬‬ ‫‪181-180‬‬ ‫)‪Al?zhary (1964‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪479‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪525‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989a‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989c‬‬ ‫‪117‬‬ Page Source 346 Munif (1988) 350 Munif (1992) Metaphorical Mapping Expression ‫ﺗﻮﻝﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺣﺎ ﻣﻠﻮﻥﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ اﻝﻔﺮح اﻝﺬي ﺗﻌﻮد أن‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻠﻘﻪ داﺋﻤﺎ‬ *********** *********** *********** No 55 56 *********** 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫أﺳﺘﻮﻗﺪ ﻏﻀﺒﻲ‬ 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫أﻗﺘﺘﺪح ﻏﻀﺒﻲ‬ 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫أﺣﺮﻗﺘﻪ ﺏﻐﻴﻈﻪ‬ 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫راﻳﺘﻪ ﻳﺘﻮهﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‬ 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫ﺏﺎت ﻳﺰﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‬ 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫أوﻏﺮ ﺻﺪري‬ 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫ﺏﺮدت ﻏﻴﻈﻪ‬ 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫ﺧﺒﺎ ﺿﺮام ﻏﻴﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ اﻝﺸﺮر ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﻥﻪ‬ 10 ‫ﻓﻼن ﺗﻮﻗﺪ ﻏﻀﺒﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺻﺎر آﺎﻝﺠﻤﺮ‬ 11 ‫هﺮق ﻋﻠﻰ ﺝﻤﺮك ﻣﺎء‬ 12 ‫ﺗﺄﺝﺞ ﻓﻼن ﻏﻀﺒﺎ‬ 13 456 ‫ أﺿﺮم ﻏﻴﻈﻲ‬ANGER IS FIRE ** Munif (1989c) Mustafa et al (1985) Mustafa et al (1985) Mustafa et al (1985) ANGER IS THE HEAT OF A ‫ راﻳﺘﻪ ﻳﻐﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‬FLUID IN A CONTAINER 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫اﻣﺘﻸ اﻝﺮﺝﻞ ﻏﻴﻈﺎ‬ 15 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫ﻏﻠﻰ ﺝﻮﻓﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‬ 16 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) ‫ﺳﻤﻊ ﻓﻼن آﺬا ﻓﺜﺎر اﻝﺪم ﻓﻲ وﺝﻬﻪ‬ 17 ANGER IS THE HEAT OF A ‫ راﻳﺘﻪ ﻳﻔﻮر ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‬FLUID IN A CONTAINER 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) 271-264 Alyaziji (1970) Mustafa et al (1985) Mustafa et al (1985) Mustafa et al (1985) Mustafa (1985) Mustafa (1985) 221 et et Munif (1992) ‫ﺝﺎش ﻣﺮﺝﻞ ﻏﻀﺒﻪ‬ 14 18 19 ANGER IS THE HEAT OF ‫ ﻓﻼن ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺦ اﻝﻮرﻳﺪ‬GAS IN A CONTAINER 20 ‫ﻓﻼن اﻥﺘﻔﺦ ﻏﻀﺒﺎ‬ 21 ANGER IS THE HEAT OF A FLUID/GAS IN A ‫ ﻷﺧﺮﺝﻦ ﻏﻀﺒﻚ ﻣﻦ رأﺳﻚ‬CONTAINER 22 al .‫ﻓﻼن اﻣﺘﻸ ﻏﻀﺒﺎ‬ 23 ‫ﺻﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺝﺎم ﻏﻀﺐ‬ 24 ‫إن اﻝﻐﻴﻆ اﻝﺬي ﻳﻤﻼ ﺻﺪرﻩ‬ 25 al 143 ‫‪No‬‬ ‫‪Metaphorical Mapping‬‬ ‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Page‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻸ اﻝﻌﻤﺎل ﺣﻘﺪا اﺳﻮدا‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪288‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫ردت ﺏﻤﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ واﻝﺤﺰن‬ ‫)‪Munif (1988‬‬ ‫‪327‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل ﺏﺤﺰم ﻣﺸﻮب ﺏﺎﻝﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989a‬‬ ‫‪127‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎول أن ﻳﺬﻳﺐ ﻏﻀﺒﻪ ﺏﺎﺏﺘﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﺰﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989b‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪Expression‬‬ ‫‪ ANGER IS THE HEAT OF A‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﺮع ﻋﺒﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺪﻥﻴﺎ ﺝﺮﻋﺔ اﺣﺐ اﻝﻰ اﷲ‬ ‫‪ DRINKABLE LIQUID‬ﻣﻦ ﺝﺮﻋﺔ ﻏﻴﻆ ﻳﻜﻈﻤﻬﺎ‪) ‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺵﺮﻳﻒ(‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﻷﺣﻨﻒ‪ :‬رب ﻏﻴﻆ ﺗﺠﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻓ َﺔ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫هﻮ أﺵﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ‪) ‬اﻝﻌﻘﺪ اﻝﻔﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫ﺻﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﺮع اﻝﻐﻴﻆ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪vol.2-p.276‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪vol.2-p.279‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼن واﺳﻊ اﻝﺼﺪر‪ ،‬ﺏﻄﻲء اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫)‪Al?zhary (1964‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﺨﺘﻨﻖ ﻏﻴﻈًﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻮت آﻤﺪا‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Al?zhary (1964‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﺝﻌﻠﺘﻪ ﺿﻴﻖ اﻝﺼﺪر ﻏﻀﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪ANGER IS PRESSURE‬‬ ‫‪WHEN ANGER BECOMES‬‬ ‫‪TOO INTENSE, THE‬‬ ‫‪ PERSON EXPLODES‬أﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﺜﻮر ﻷﺗﻔﻪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪ ﺏﺄآﻮب ﺙﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺙﻮراﺗﻪ اﻝﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺐ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻝﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻓﺠﺄة ﻓﺘﺪﻣﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺮق‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ اﻝﺴﻠﻄﺎن اﻝﺬي ﻳﺘﻔﺠﺮ ﻏﻀﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺏﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻝﺴﺎﻋﺎت‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺵﻘﱠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷرض‪ ،‬وﺵِﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﺣﺘﺪ ﻓﻄﺎرت ﻣﻨﻪ ِ‬ ‫اﻝﺴﻤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫‪WHEN ANGER BECOMES‬‬ ‫‪ TOO INTENSE, THE‬أﻋﺼﺎﺏﻲ هﻲ اﻝﺘﻲ آﺎﻥﺖ ﺗﻮﺵﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ PERSON EXPLODES‬اﻻﻥﻔﺠﺎر ﺏﺎﻝﻐﻀﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬‬ ‫ﻥﺠﺢ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺣﺘﻮاء ﻏﻀﺐ‬ ‫اﻝﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮ اﻝﺜﺎﺋﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989c‬‬ ‫‪442‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪221‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪442‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989b‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫)‪Al?zhary (1964‬‬ ‫) ‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪379‬‬ ‫) ‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪379‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1988‬‬ ‫‪361‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷي آﻠﻤﺔ أن ﺗﺨﺮﺝﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮرﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪397‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫أول اﻝﻐﻀﺐ ﺝﻨﻮن وأﺧﺮﻩ ﻥﺪم‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪79‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮا ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ اﻷﻥﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻴﻆ‪.‬‬ ‫‪aal- cimran 119‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫رأﻳﺘﻪ وﻗﺪ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺣﺘﻰ آﺎد ﻳﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﺙﻴﺎﺏﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫رأﻳﺘﻪ ﻳﻌﻀﺾ ﺵﻔﺘﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻴﻆ‪.‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼن ﻳﺘﻤﺰع ﻏﻴﻈﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮب ﺏﻨﻔﺴﻪ اﻷرض ﻏﻴﻈﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼن ﻳﻘﺘﻞ ﻥﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻴﻆ‪.‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪ ANGER IS INSANITY‬اﻝﻐﻀﺐ رأس اﻝﺤﻤﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪144‬‬ ‫)‪alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪Mustafa et al.‬‬ ‫)‪(1985‬‬ ‫‪Mustafa et al.‬‬ ‫)‪(1985‬‬ ‫)‪Al?askarii (2003‬‬ ‫‪No‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪Metaphorical Mapping‬‬ ‫‪Expression‬‬ ‫‪INTERFERENCE WITH‬‬ ‫‪ ACCURATE PERCEPTION‬ﻣﺎ أﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﻳُﺒﺼﺮﻥﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺵﺪّة اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‬ ‫ﺵﺪة اﻝﻐﻀﺐ ﺗﻌﺜﺮ اﻝﻤﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫إن أﻣﻨﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻀﺒﻪ ﻥﻄﻘﺖ ﺏﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬ ‫إن اﻝﻐﻀﺐ ﺵﻴﻄﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠْﻤﻪ ﻗﺎهﺮًا ﻝﻐَﻀﺒﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫آﺎن ِ‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫أﺵﺪ اﻝﺠﻬﺎد ﻣﺠﺎهﺪة اﻝﻐﻴﻆ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا هﺪا اﻝﻐﻀﺐ أو ﻥﺎم ﻓﻼ ﺏﺪ أن ﻳﻠﺠﺄ إﻝﻰ‬ ‫اﻝﻄﺒﻮل‪.‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎن اﻝﻐﻀﺐ ﺣﻴﻦ ذال ﻳﺼﺒﺢ هﻮ اﻷﻗﻮى‪.‬‬ ‫واﻝﻐﻀﺐ إذا ﺏﺪا ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ وﻻ ﻳﻬﺪا إﻻ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪vol.4-p.281‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫)‪Alθa alibii (1983‬‬ ‫‪ANGER IS A DANGEROUS‬‬ ‫‪ ANIMAL‬ﻓﻼن ﻏﻀﺐ وﺳﺎء ﺧﻠﻘﻪ ﻓﺼﺎر آﺎﻝﻨﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ANGER IS A DANGEROUS‬‬ ‫‪ ANIMAL‬آﺎن َﻳﺼْﺮف ﺏﺄﻥﻴﺎﺏﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺵﺪة ﻏﻀﺒﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫آﺎن ﻳﻐﻀﺐ ﻏﻀﺒﺎ ﺝﺎﻣﺤﺎ إذا ﻝﻮح ﻝﻪ اﺣﺪ اﻥﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪﻓﻊ ﻝﻪ أﺝﺮا‪.‬‬ ‫‪Prophetic tradition‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪ibnu cabdi rrabih‬‬ ‫)‪(1982‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989a‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989a‬‬ ‫‪387‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989a‬‬ ‫‪Mustafa et al.‬‬ ‫)‪(1985‬‬ ‫‪Mustafa et al.‬‬ ‫)‪(1985‬‬ ‫‪387‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪68‬‬ ‫ﺝﺎء ﻓﻼن وﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫ﻝﺒﺲ ﻝﻚ ﺝﻠﺪ ﻥﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫آﺸﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻥﺎﺏﻪ وأﺏﺪى ﻥﺎﺝﺬﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫) ‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪379‬‬ ‫) ‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪379‬‬ ‫) ‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪379‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪571‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989c‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪379‬‬ ‫‪379‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻬﺪر ﺻﻮﺗﻪ ﺏﺎﻝﻐﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺝﺌﺖ ﺏﻪ ﻳﺘﺰوج أﺧﺮى ﻓﻌﺼﻒ ﺏﻬﺎ اﻝﻐﻴﻆ ‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫أﺣﺎول أن أهﺪئ ﺏﺮآﺎن وﻝﺪي اﻝﻬﺎﺋﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪Parkinson (2006‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﺏﺎت ﻳﺮﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪76‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪ ANGER IS BURDEN‬ﻗﺪ وﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ رﺏﻜﻢ رﺝﺲ وﻏﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﺿﺎع ﻏﻀﺒﻪ أﻃﺎع أدﺏﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪145‬‬ ‫‪p.4-vol.363‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪ANGER IS A NATURAL‬‬ ‫‪ FORCE‬ﺿﺮﺏﺖ رﻳﺢ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ آﻞ وﺝﻪ وآﻞ ﻗﻠﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪vol.2-p.155‬‬ ‫(‪Alθa alibii (1983‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪vol.2-p.5‬‬ ‫‪450‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺎﺏﻪ ﺣﺎﻻت هﻴﺎج ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻋﺪواﻥﻲ اﻝﺴﻠﻮك‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺖ ﺏﻤﻨﻄﻖ اﻝﺜﻮر اﻝﻬﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺠﺮ‬ ‫اﻝﺨﺰف‪.‬‬ ‫آﺎن ﻣﺜﻞ اﻝﺜﻮر اﻝﻬﺎﺋﺞ ﻳﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ آﻞ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫وﺏﻘﻮة‪.‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪450‬‬ ‫‪ANGER IS AN OPPONENT‬‬ ‫)‪ (IN STRUGGLE‬ﻣﺎ أﻓﺮ اﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻀﺐ اﷲ‪) ‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺵﺮﻳﻒ(‬ ‫ان رﺣﻤﺘﻲ ﻏﻠﺒﺖ ﻏﻀﺒﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Page‬‬ ‫)‪Alyaziji (1970‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪al-' raaf, 70‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫(‪Alθa alibii (1983‬‬ ‫‪450‬‬ ‫‪No‬‬ ‫‪Metaphorical Mapping‬‬ ‫‪Expression‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫أﻝﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪79‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎدوا وﻣﻌﻬﻢ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ واﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻝﻜﺒﻴﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ذﻝﻚ اﻝﻐﻀﺐ ﺣﺰن هﺎدئ‪.‬‬ ‫‪146‬‬ ‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Page‬‬ ‫)‪Al?zhary (1964‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1989a‬‬ ‫‪344‬‬ ‫)‪Munif (1992‬‬ ‫‪351‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻝ ﺸﺮﻳﻒ‪ ,‬اﺣﻤ ﺪ ﺧﻴ ﺮاﷲ ﻋﻤ ﺮ‪ ‬اﻟﺘ ﺼﻮیﺮ اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎزي ﻟﻌﺒ ﺎرات اﻟﻔ ﺮح واﻟﻐ ﻀﺐ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰیﺔ واﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬دراﺳﺔ ﻡﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‪ ‬رﺳﺎﻝﺔ ﻣﺎﺝﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻝﻨﻴ ﻞ درﺝ ﺔ اﻝﻤﺎﺝ ﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻵداب‪ ‬ﻗ ﺴﻢ اﻝﻠﻐ ﺔ اﻻﻥﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳ ﺔ وﺁداﺏﻬ ﺎ‪ ,‬ﺝﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻝﻴﺮﻣ ﻮك‪) 2007 ,‬اﻝﻤ ﺸﺮف‪ :‬اﻻﺳ ﺘﺎذ‬ ‫اﻝﺪآﺘﻮر ﻓﻮاز اﻝﻌﺒﺪ اﻝﺤﻖ(‬ ‫ه ﺪﻓﺖ ه ﺬﻩ اﻝﺪراﺳ ﺔ إﻝ ﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ و ﻣﻘﺎرﻥ ﺔ اﻝﻌﺒ ﺎرات اﻝﻤﺠﺎزﻳ ﺔ اﻝﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻝﻔ ﺮح واﻝﻐ ﻀﺐ ﻓ ﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺘ ﻴﻦ اﻻﻥﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳ ﺔ واﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴ ﺔ‪ ‬ﻝ ﺬا ﻓ ﺎن ﻣ ﻦ أوﻝﻮﻳ ﺎت ه ﺬﻩ اﻝﺪراﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫إﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ اﻝﺘﺸﺎﺏﻪ واﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺏ ﻴﻦ اﻝﻠﻐﺘ ﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺨ ﺺ ﺗﻮﻇﻴ ﻒ اﻝﺘﺮاآﻴ ﺐ اﻝﻤﺠﺎزﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻮر هﺎﺗﻴﻦ اﻝﻌﺎﻃﻔﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﻢ ﺝﻤ ﻊ ﺙﻼﺙﻤﺎﺋ ﺔ وﺧﻤ ﺴﺔ وأرﺏﻌ ﻮن ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻣﺄﻝﻮﻓ ﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻓ ﻲ اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ اﻝﻔ ﺮح‬ ‫واﻝﻐﻀﺐ ﻓﻲ آﻠﺘﺎ اﻝﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ اﻻﻥﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ واﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴﺔ‪ ‬وﻣﻦ ﺙﻢ ﺝﺮى ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻝﻌﺒﺎرات إﻝ ﻰ‬ ‫أﻥﻮاع وﻓﻘﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻝﻤﺠﺎزي اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺏﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻨﻤﻮذج اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻝﻠﻐ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻥﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ‬وﻣﻦ ﺙﻢ ﻗﺎم اﻝﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺏﺈﺝﺮاء اﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻥﺔ ﺏ ﻴﻦ اﻷﻥ ﻮاع واﻝﻌﺒ ﺎرات اﻝﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻝﻠﻐ ﺔ اﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴ ﺔ وﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻝﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻝﻠﻐ ﺔ اﻻﻥﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳ ﺔ اﻋﺘﻤ ﺎدا ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻥﻈﺮﻳ ﺔ اﻝﺘ ﺼﻮر‬ ‫اﻝﻤﺠﺎزي‪.‬‬ ‫أﻇﻬﺮت اﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻥﺔ اﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ أن آﻠﺘﺎ اﻝﻠﻐﺘ ﻴﻦ اﻻﻥﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳ ﺔ واﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺸﺘﺮآﺎن ﻓ ﻲ اﻝﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻝﺘﺼﻮرات اﻝﻤﺠﺎزﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ اﻝﻔ ﺮح واﻝﺤ ﺰن‪ ‬إﻻ أن اﻷﻣ ﺮ ﻝ ﻢ ﻳﺨ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ وﺝ ﻮد‬ ‫ﺏﻌﺾ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓ ﺎت اﻝﺘ ﻲ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗﻌ ﺰى إﻝ ﻰ ﺧ ﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ آ ﻞ ﺙﻘﺎﻓ ﺔ آﻄﺒﻴﻌ ﺔ اﻝﻄﻘ ﺲ واﺧ ﺘﻼف‬ ‫اﻝﻤﻈﺎهﺮ واﻝﻈﻮاهﺮ اﻝﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻝﻜﻞ ﺏﻴﺌﺔ واﺧﺘﻼف ﻥﻤﻂ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫هﺬا و ﻳﻮﺻﻲ اﻝﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺏﺪراﺳﺔ ﻇﺎهﺮة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻝﻤﺠﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌﺮﺏﻴﺔ ﺏﻌﻴﺪا ﻋ ﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻷدﺏﻴ ﺔ واﻝﺒﻼﻏﻴ ﺔ اﻝﻤﺤ ﻀﺔ ﺏ ﺸﻜﻞ أآﺜ ﺮ ﺗﻮﺳ ﻌﺎ وﻋﻤﻘ ﺎ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ أن ه ﺬﻩ اﻝﻈ ﺎهﺮة ﻝ ﻢ ﺗﻨ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻥﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم اﻝﻼزم ﻋﻨﺪ اﻝﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ واﻝﻠﻐﻮﻳﻴﻦ اﻝﻌﺮب ﻣﻦ وﺝﻬﺔ ﻥﻈﺮ ﻝﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻥﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺠﺎز‪ ,‬اﻟﺘﺼﻮیﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﺎزي‪ ,‬اﻟﻔﺮح‪ ,‬اﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪ ,‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰیﺔ‪ ,‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ,‬دراﺳﺔ ﻡﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‪ ‬اﻟﻠﻐﻮیﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪147‬‬