CONSTRUCTION SITE NOISE MODELLING USING

First Edition 2008 © MOHAMAD IBRAHIM MOHAMAD All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor Darul Tak'zim, Malaysia Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Issues in construction industry / editor Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad ISBN 978-983-52-0568-2 Construction industry Malaysia Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad II Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Fakulti Kejuruteraan Sivil III Title 624 Pereka Kulit: MOHD NAZIR MD BASRI Diatur huruf oleh / Typeset by MOHAMAD IBRAHIM MOHAMAD & RAKAN-RAKAN Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Darul Ta'zim, MALAYSIA Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia by PENERBIT UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA 34 – 38, Jalan Kebudayaan 1, Taman Universiti, 81300 Skudai, Johor Darul Ta'zim, MALAYSIA (PENERBIT UTM anggota PERSATUAN PENERBIT BUKU MALAYSIA/ MALAYSIAN BOOK PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION dengan no keahlian 9101) Dicetak di Malaysia oleh / Printed in Malaysia by UNIVISION PRESS Lot 47 & 48, Jalan SR 1/9, Seksyen Jln Serdang Raya, Tmn Serdang Raya 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan MALAYSIA v Contents CONTENTS vii Preface Chapter Applying CE to Construction Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad and Khairulzan Yahya Chapter Construcability in Construction Rosli Mohamad Zin 17 Chapter Eco-Costs of Sustainable Construction Waste Management Khairulzan Yahya and A.Halim Boussabaine 35 Chapter Construction Site Noise Modelling Using Stochastic Techniques Zaiton Haron, Khairulzan Yahya and David Oldham 51 Chapter Sustainable Neighbourhood in Malaysia Rozana Zakaria, Mohd Ismid Mohd Said, Zaiton Haron, Khairulzan Yahya and M Vikneswaran 68 vi Contents Chapter Integrating ABC into Project Overhead Management Al-Ojaili Ammar, Aminah Md Yusof 88 Chapter An Overview of Construction Accidents in Malaysia Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid, Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid, Bachan Singh 110 Chapter The Role of Consulting Engineers in Project Development 124 Wan Zulkifli Wan Yusof, Bachan Singh, Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid and Ngang Shue Ming Chapter Index Systemization of Project Evaluation and Monitoring in Construction M Mustaffar, Z.A Memon & M.Z Abd Majid 134 152 vii Preface PREFACE This book presented important issues that are surrounding construction industry either today The topics range from the consideration of adapting new management or design philosophy like Concurrent Engineering, Buildability and Sustainability in construction project Apart from that issues on safety and financial aspect of construction projects are also presented Recently there are many views in from the researches and scholar in construction community urging this industry to review its traditional practice in work process toward embracing more collaborative nature of working environment There is an urgent need for the industry to review its current performance through every step of its life-cycle so that it become more efficient and able to minimize the traditional problems face by the construction industry for decades such as adversarial nature, high degree of fragmentation, poor quality and lack of focus toward end-user and customer requirements for the project Many themes in this book address the above issues Concurrent Engineering is a philosophy originated from manufacturing and has great potential application to reengineer current work process in construction Constructability presented a methodology to support the collaborative teamwork environment and provide platform for design team to consider other team members and clients’ requirement in the project Sustainability had become an important issue in construction recently Consideration to integrate and becoming more friendly to viii Preface toward surrounding environment is not an option anymore Two chapters in this book addressed issue on constructability Construction must be able to reap the benefits of current technology development to improve its efficiency The used of 3D model had widely used to obtained accurate measurement in other industry for planning purposes The application of this technique had been considered for monitoring of construction progress is discussed in this book It is hope that this book will be able to provide some information on the recent development in construction industry Even though the topic is quite limited but the issues presented are considered important Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad Construction Technology and Management Centre (CTMC) Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2008 Applying of CE for ConstructionIndustry 1 APPLICATION OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING (CE) FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad Andrew Noel Baldwin Khairulzan Yahya 1.1 INTRODUCTION Concurrent Engineering (CE) is a management philosophy originated from manufacturing industry There are many definitions of CE that can be found in the literature but most of them are similar The term “Concurrent Engineering” was originally devised by Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA), a working group set up by US Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) in their Report R-138 (Winner et al., 1988) The IDA definition of CE is the most widely accepted by the manufacturing community as follows: “Concurrent engineering is a systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes, including manufacture and support This approach is intended to cause the developers, from the outset, to consider all elements of the product life cycle from concept through disposal, including quality, cost, schedule, and user requirements” The rationale for the application of CE to construction derives from the similarity of the basic construction/manufacturing process as well as the nature of the problem faced by both industries, as a result of the traditional approach practised in its work process Many aspects of CE are not actually new to construction Some of Issues in Construction Industry the current practices within construction that is parallel to CE principles are suitable to be used as a basis to introduce CE in this industry 1.2 BACKGROUND CE is a widely accepted design management philosophy in several industries especially in manufacturing However, despite the claim made by Love and Gunasekaran (1997), there is no research evidence to support that it has been fully applied in construction to the same extent as in other industries The topic of the application of CE and its fundamental elements to construction has generated some interest in research literature such as De La Garza et al (1994), Baxendale et al (1996), Evbuomwan and Anumba (1996), Houvilla et al (1997), Love et al., (1998) and Kamara (1999) The main focus of the discussion can be categorised in two key areas, the application specific CE tools and modelling technique to support data integration in a CE environment and the managerial perspective of CE implementation as a complete process However the literature relating to construction application is far more limited compared to those in manufacturing Even though CE is relatively a new philosophy to construction it must be recognised that some aspects parallel to its elements are actually already being practised in construction especially within the Design and Build (D&B) procurement and partnering approach CE is seen to be a feasible option that can be adapted by construction industry This is based on its acceptance in other industries especially in manufacturing and also due to the similarity of process systems in other industries to construction (Houvilla et al 1997, Kamara et al 1997) De La Garza et al (1994) also considered CE as suitable for application to construction They argue that CE can be used as a strategy to capitalise the existence of the highly fragmented and specialised nature of the industry to generate diversity of Systemization of Project Evaluation and Monitoring in Construction 140 the development and implementation of an automated realtime monitoring and progress control techniques Abeid (2000) developed PHOTO-NET techniques, a system that integrates time-lapse photography with a dynamic scheduling and progress control tool Streilein (1996) formulated DIPAD software, which combines digital Photogrammetric methods with the capabilities of a CAD system The overruling principle of DIPAD is, that the human operator assigns responsibility for the image understanding part (high level grouping), and the computer for the actual measurement and the data handling Sacks et al., (2003) developed an automated model for monitoring labor inputs, based on automated data collection (ADC) offers a solution to the problem namely as Building Project Model (BPM) for Automated labor monitoring The basic task of many Photogrammetric systems is to derive object space coordinates from 2D images Analogue, semi analytical and analytical techniques have been employed for a long period of time in photogrammetry to extract ground coordinates of objects from hardcopy images In recent years, digital techniques are implemented in Photogrammetric applications Pappa, et al., (2002) implemented the close-range photogrammetry techniques for Gossamer Spacecraft Structures and described that the science of calculating 3D object coordinates form images is a flexible and robust approach for measuring the static and dynamic characteristics of future ultralight-weight inflatable space structures Greco (2001) described photogrammetry as one of the techniques for obtaining reliable measurements from photographs and other type of images Chant (2000) mentioned that by using close-range photogrammetry instead of taking traditional contact measurements, the photos were converted into AutoCAD models using Photomodeler pro version software From the related research it has been cited that many studies have been conducted to develop the integration model for a project and the ideas for developing automated realtime monitoring systems are rapidly growing with the advancement in the information technology From the literature it has been cited that very few have given concern to develop the 141 Issues in Construction Industry actual physical progress bar chart by capturing the information form photograph The close range photogrammetry is used for converting photographs to 3D Model with the help of Photomodeler pro version software, which is requirement for accurate photogrammetry 9.4 COMPUTERIZED PROJECT EVALUATION AND MONITORING With the continued development of easy-to-use computer software and improved graphical presentation media, many of the practical problems associated with formal scheduling mechanics have been overcome Some of the function involved in project management, especially those concerned with project monitoring and evaluation (developing the actual physical progress bar chart) were virtually impossible to execute with any great speed before computers were used (Levine 1989) In common with most other business functions, the growing use of microcomputer has resulted in an unprecedented increase in the development and supply of bespoke software designed to fulfil specialized requirements Although it takes considerably more than a computer and some project management software to manage projects effectively, the advent of project management program has revolutionized the practice of project management and has assisted project managers in expediting their duties more effectively than they have done in the past (Conlin et al., 1997) The rapid growth in the availability and power of micro-computers, coupled with their continuously decreasing cost, has made it possible for construction managers to effectively and efficiently analyze the massive amounts of data necessary to monitor and control the progress of the many interrelated tasks that go together to make a construction project Systemization of Project Evaluation and Monitoring in Construction 142 9.5 PROJECT MODELING IN DIGITALIZING THE CONSTRUCTION MONITORING As illustrated by the preceding discussion, numerous studies have focused on information flow throughout construction projects, and a number of computer program have been developed to help and support this area However we have not found a thoroughly comprehensive systematic monitoring and evaluation system for controlling the site progress The system integration diagram for this model is shown in Figure The basic theory behind developing the model is to extend the traditional approach to represent the dynamic and simultaneous construction operations by incorporating inter-relationships between hierarchical processes of evaluating This section provides a new methodology of hierarchical representation of physical progress report that allows the simulation based project monitoring of a project The objective of developing a Digitalized Construction Monitoring (DCM) model is to systematize the construction monitoring and evaluation of a project DCM is implemented using object oriented concepts and event driven programming The object oriented concepts were utilized in the graphical user interface of constructing the DCM processes Fig.9.1 System Integration Diagram 143 Issues in Construction Industry Graphical interfaces were created in the Photogrammetry and photomodeler environment and then exported into Visual Basic TM (event driven programming) Relational Data base was implemented using Micro Soft Access TM engine to store project related information The simulation concept of DCM model is currently being used to test and check the validity The main goal of DCM model is to propose an interface process model between the 2D digital photo and detail design drawings and update the physical progress chart by integrating the information Digitalizing the Construction Monitoring is the recent demand of the Malaysian Construction Industry and for the third world countries The major task of developing this model is to develop the link between existing methods of evaluating and monitoring the physical progress of construction scene with modern technology by developing an Artificial Intelligence to emulate the human brain The objective is to develop the DCM based project monitoring and evaluation system that improves construction management methods in progress reporting and project control Figure shows the process flow diagram for the DCM, in which digital images will be captured from site and 3D model will be developed by using Photomodeler software and AutoCAD used to display 3D information of the intended design All the design parameters are stored in the primary and secondary data base and code are designed to calculate the percentage of actual progress This percentage will be integrated with the Micro Architecture of the DCM Model, which shows a dynamic connection between the database and graphical information The DCM model will be integrated with existing commercial or research prototype systems The graphical information is created from 3D Model by using professional prototype system namely Photomodeler and AutoCAD 3D drawing The primary data base from AutoCAD drawing has been developed at the start of the project by developing an Expert system and will be reluctant as any change order will be corrected in the data base Secondary data base will Systemization of Project Evaluation and Monitoring in Construction 144 be developed as construction work constructed and the source of information will be using photos Visual basic will be used to build interfaces between the database developed from AutoCAD and Photos by using Photomodeler By simulating both data base, it will calculate the percentage of progress considering the updating date and will transfer this information to Micro Soft Project to show the actual physical progress in bar chart 9.6 PROGRESS REPORTING MECHANISMS IN DIGITALIZING THE CONSTRUCTION MONITORING Traditionally information about physical project progress is reported based on engineer's diaries, daily site records, and other documentation is extremely difficult The mechanism for developing the project's actual physical progress based on digital system which compares the planned schedule of work with actual achievement on site to forecast the performance If on comparison the actual coordinates with the planned coordinates then the actual physical progress report will show the percentage of work completed Progress reporting mechanism in DCM includes comparing the coordinate's values of the activities which is performed on site with the coordinate values of original AutoCAD drawings 145 Issues in Construction Industry Fig 9.2 Process Flow Diagram Systemization of Project Evaluation and Monitoring in Construction 9.7 146 CONCLUSIONS The ideas described in this chapter attempt to overcome the limitations of the previous research development in the area of evaluating the construction phase The main focus of the discussion is to design a methodology for the monitoring and evaluation of construction project and developing a systematic model considering Malaysian construction industry's view point A system design methodology is discussed and a prototype software model is developed for systematizing monitoring and evaluation of a project The model allows users to document and retrieve project information in the form of photographs and closerange photogrammetry techniques are used to create 3D Model An integrated simulation model, named DCM (Digitalizing the Construction Monitoring) is developed to integrate photos of construction scene with AutoCAD drawings and it resolves the existing project progress reporting problems Based on traditional approach, actual physical progress reports is developed manually by comparing the planned with actual performance measured on site The Digitalizing the Construction Monitoring (DCM) model is developed by using the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) The integration of photos and drawings will enable construction manger to develop progress reports in a more consistent and accurate way and more accurate as-built project schedule can be transferred to facility managers so that the information can provide the corporate knowledge of the facility for operation and maintenance, renovation and demolition The DCM model improves the decision-making, productivity and reduces delays 147 Issues in Construction Industry REFERENCES Abeid, J and Arditi, D (2002), Time-Lapse Digital Photogrammetry Applied to Project Management Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol 128, No.6, December, 2002, pp 530-535 Abeid, J.N (2000), PHOTO-NET: An integrated system for controlling the progress of construction activities Ph.D dissertation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago Abeid, 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63-67 Soucy, P and Mineau, G.W 2005 Beyond TFIDF Weighting for Text Categorization in the Vector Space Model, International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence, Scotland, pp 1130-1135 Wiener, E.D., Pedersen, J.O and Weigend, A.S 1995 A Neural Network Approach to Topic Spotting Proceedings of SDAIR-95, 4th Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval, Las Vegas, pp 317-333 Index INDEX Accident action, 119, 120 causation, 121 compensation, 116, 117 cost, 118 knowledge, 121 prevention, 119, 120 rate, 112, 114, 116, 120 Activity-Based Costing applicable, 92, 100, 102-103, 106 benefits, 91, 102-104 definition, 90, 101 mechanism, 101, 104 status in construction, 101, 106 value, 88, 96-97, 101-102, 104, 107 Approach probabilistic, 52-54, 56-57, 59, 60-61, 65-66 monte-Carlo, 52, 54-55, 57, 59, 60-61, 63, 66 Concurrent Engineering benefit , 11 definition, important themes, methodology of applications, 12 rationale of application, 1, Constructability concept, 27, 30 principles, 21, 27 Construction activities, 38, 41, 47 industry, 37-38, 47 firms, 38 operations,42 phases, 38 processes, 3, 40, 42, 44-45, 47 products, 37, 39 projects, 48 materials, 37-40, 44-45 sites, 41, 47 stages, 38-39, 47 stakeholders, 37, 47 waste, 35-38, 40-42, 44-45, 47-48 techniques,38, 42 Index Construction Accidents, 110, 112115, 121 Consulting Engineers problems, 125, 127-132 responsibilities, 125-126 roles, 125-126, 131 satisfaction, 125, 127-129, 131 Environment deter action, 69 instrument, 69, 77, 79 regulation, 68, 79, 81 Fatality Rate, 111-112, 114115 Lead Time, 8,11 Cost accounting methods, 98, 100 allocation methods, 96 capacity factors, 95 categories, 92-94 control methods, 96 definition, 90, 101 direct, 89, 92, 96, 104-105 drivers, 104-105, 107 estimating methods, 94, 96 flow, 104-105 indirect, 90, 92, 95-96, 104-105 layers, 104, 106 management, 88-90, 92-94, 98, 100-103, 106-107 models, 100-101, 104-106 objects, 98-101, 104-105 overhead, 98-101, 104-105 performance, 88-90, 99 pools, 90, 100, 104-105 Level of Compliance, 118 Management costs, 89-90, 92, 94, 98, 101, 102-103, 107 Modeling Techniques predictive, 61,63 stochastic, 51-52, 54-55, 56 Organizational inter, 89 intra, 89 Overhead general, 92-94 project specific, 89 Preassembly, 28 Design details, 20, 26 information, 20, 26, 31 related problem, 18-22, 25-27, 32 Eco-costs algorithm, 47 attribute, 36, 47 Project Computerized, 142 development, 124 evaluating, 135-135, 137, 141-143, 146 importance, 124, 126 information, 134-139, 141144, 146 management, 135, 138139, 141 methodology, 125 Index modeling, 142 monitoring, 134-138, 140144,0146 objectives, 125 Reporting mechanisms digital, 136, 138, 140, 143-144, 146 Sequence of Construction, 20, 26, 29 Site Noise, 51, 54, 56 Standardization, 20, 26, 28 Sustainable construction, 35, 41, 48 development, 35-36, 47, 68-69, 71, 73-74, 76, 79, 85 living, 68-70, 74-78, 83-84 neighbourhood, 68, 71-73, 76, 84 waste, 35, 47 Systemization, 134 Teamwork cross functional team, 4, 12 characteristic of collaborative team, 6-7 objectives of team, 5, 7, 11, 13 teamwork in construction, Traditional Approach, 136, 142, 146 Tolerance, 20, 26, 29 Visualization tools, 29