Thiết kế và lập trình hệ thống - Chương 9

... Latches8WEDINDOUTMUXDirA9(A0 from input pin on RAS)A8S1S0MUX256-to-1MUX256-to-1MUX256-to-1MUX256-to-164K array(256 X 256)2552541064K array(256 X 256)64K array(256 X 256)64K array(256 X 256)256K X 1 DRAMA0-A7A10-A17Block ... since the ver-tical wires are VERY long (delay is at least linear to length).S0S1S2SN-2SN-1Word 0Word 1Word 2Storage cellWord N-2Word N-1Input-Output(M bits)DecoderA0A1A2AK-1K = log2None-hotBinary ... COUNTY1 9 6 6Pentium Memory InterfaceI1I2I3I4I5I6I7I8I9I1016L8O1O2O3O4O5O6O7O8A29A30A31I1I2I3I4I5I6I7I8I9I1016L8O1O2O3O4O5O6O7O8A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26A27A28A0A15O0O7......CEOE27512D0-D7D8-D15D15-D23D24-D31D56-D63D48-D55D40-D47D32-D39A3-A18MRDCA0A15O0O7......CEOE27512A0A15O0O7......CEOE27512A0A15O0O7......CEOE27512A0A15O0O7......CEOE27512A0A15O0O7......CEOE27512A0A15O0O7......CEOE27512A0A15O0O7......CEOE27512(64K...

... MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Memory AddressingMemory Paging:Available in the 80386 and up.Allows a linear address (virtual address) of a program to be located in any por-tion of physical memory.The ... Micro. Arch. III CMPE 3102 (Feb 2, 2002)UMBCU M B CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Memory AddressingMemory Paging:The paging system operates in both real and protected mode.It ... Micro. Arch. III CMPE 3103 (Feb 2, 2002)UMBCU M B CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Memory AddressingMemory Paging:The virtual address is broken into three pieces:• Directory:...

... Modules)boards.30-pin SIMMs come in 1M X 8, 1M X 9 (parity), 4M X 8, 4M X 9. 72-pin SIMMs come in 1/2/3/8/16M X 32 or 1M X 36 (parity).5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70NC++VSSVCCDQ 0-3 1Addr 0-1 1RASCASWPD 1-4 Systems ... as low as 10ns.A7VCC2K x 8 SRAM1234567 892 0 191 8171615141310TMS4016111221222324A6A5A4A3A2A1A0GNDDQ1DQ2DQ3A8A9WGA10SDQ8DQ7DQ6DQ5DQ4Pin(s)FunctionA0-A10DQ0-DQ7G (OE)S (CS)AddressData In/Data OutRead ... EPROM (2K X 8):A7VCC2K x 8 EPROM1234567 892 0 191 81716151413102716111221222324A6A5A4A3A2A1A0GNDO0O1O2A8A9VPPCSA10PD/PGMO7O6O5O4O3Pin(s)FunctionA0-A10PD/PGMCSO0-O7AddressPower down/ProgramChip SelectOutputsChip...

... 9 6 6Error Detection• Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)(cont.)M X( )X16G X( )-- -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -X27X26X25X24X22X21X18+ + + + + +X16X15X21+ + +-- -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - =X16X15X21+ ... +-- -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - =X16X15X21+ + + X27X26X25X24X22X21X18+ + + + + +X27X26+X13X11++X25X24X22X21X18+ + + +X25X24+X11X9+X22X21X18+ +X9++X22X21+X8X6++X18X9X8X6+ ... 15.Therefore, no more than 2 bytes are needed independent of the data block size.CRCM X( )XnG X( )-- -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - Q X( ) R X( )+= =Q(X) is the quotientR(X) is the remainderG X( ) X16X15X21+ + +=Systems...

... x25 19 EM 57 39 9 89 59 Y 121 79 y26 1A SUB 58 3A : 90 5A Z 122 7A z27 1B ESC 59 3B ; 91 5B [ 123 7B {28 1C FS 60 3C < 92 5C \ 124 7C | 29 1D GS 61 3D = 93 5D ] 125 7D }30 1E RS 62 3E > 94 ... 101 65 e6 6 ACK 38 26 & 70 46 F 102 66 f7 7 BEL 39 27 ' 71 47 G 103 67 g8 8 BS 40 28 ( 72 48 H 104 68 h9 9 TAB 41 29 ) 73 49 I 105 69 i10 A LF 42 2A * 74 4A J 106 6A j11 B VT 43 2B + 75 ... NUL 32 20 64 40 @ 96 60 `1 1 SOH 33 21 ! 65 41 A 97 61 a2 2 STX 34 22 " 66 42 B 98 62 b3 3 ETX 35 23 # 67 43 C 99 63 c4 4 EOT 36 24 $ 68 44 D 100 64 d5 5 ENQ 37 25 % 69 45 E 101 65 e6 6...

... Index16-bitregisters32-bitextensionsah alax8-bit16-bitnamesSystems Design & Programming 80x86 Assembly I CMPE 3103 (Feb 4, 2002)UMBCU M B CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 ... CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Data Addressing Modes Base relative-plus-indexA second variation includes: mov eax, [ebx+edi+4] Scaled-indexA second variation includes: mov eax, ... CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Data Addressing Modes• Register IndirectAny of eax, ebx, ecx, edx, ebp, edi or esi may be used.• Base-plus-indexAny combination of eax, ebx, ecx,...

... Programming 80x86 Assembly II CMPE 3101 (Feb. 9, 2002)UMBCU M B CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Data Addressing ModesBase-Plus-Index addressing:Effective address computed ... Programming 80x86 Assembly II CMPE 3102 (Feb. 9, 2002)UMBCU M B CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Data Addressing ModesBase-Plus-Index addressing:eaxebxecxedxespebpediesi1 0 ... constant is any 32-bit signed value.Base Relative-Plus-Index addressing:Effective address computed as:seg_base + base + index + constant.Designed to be used as a mechanism to address a two-dimensional...

... B CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Arithmetic Operationssub eax, ebxdec edi;Subs registers - Carry flag.sbb ecx, ebx;eax=eax-ebxcmp al, 10Hjae LABEL1;Jump if equal or below.jbe ... BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Logic OperationsXXXX XXXX Operand0000 1111 MaskXXXX XXXX Resultxor ah, ch ;ah=ah XOR chtest al, 4jz LABEL;Jump to LABEL if bit 2 is zero.;Tests bit 2 in al -- 00000100not ... Assembly IV CMPE 31010 (Mar. 1, 2002)UMBCU M B CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6Flow-of-Control Instructionsja ;Jump if above (Z=0 and C=0);Jump if below or equal (Z=1...

... 6✬✎✭✮✠✯✰✱✲✲✯✳✴✰✎✵MiscellaneousDataTransferOperations.INandOUT:Transfersabyte,wordordoublewordofdatafrom/toanI/Odeviceinto/outofAL,AXandEAX,respectively.Memoryoperationsarenotavailable(astheyareinINSandOUTS):Twoforms:•Fixed-portaddressing:8-bitportnumberencodedininstruction.8-bitvalueissign-extendedintoaddressbits 8-1 5.Addressbits1 6-3 1areundefined.•Variable-portaddressing:16-bitportnumberstoredinDX. ✁AL✄✠✝☎✝ ... MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6✬✎✭✮✠✯✰✱✲✲✯✳✴✰✎✵MiscellaneousDataTransferOperations.MOVSXandMOVZX(80386anduponly):Move-and-sign-extendandMove-and-zero-extend:BSWAP(80486anduponly):Swapsthefirstbytewiththeforth,andthesecondbytewiththethird.Usedtoconvertbetweenlittleendianandbigendian: ✛✁✄ CX✄BL☎✟✒✏☛✎✙☎✡✙☛✛✎✆✕✒☛✡✍✢✝ ✛✁✂ EAX✄ ✁✂✁✢☎✄✙✚✍✙☎✡✙☛✛✎✟✍✚✛✔✡ ✁✂✁✢✒☛✆✆☎✜✂✄✜✟✙EAXEAXEBXECXEDX✡✡✠✠✞✞✝✝✝✝✞✞✠✠✡✡ ✂✁✄☎ ... 6✬✎✭✮✠✯✰✱✲✲✯✳✴✰✎✵MiscellaneousDataTransferOperations.XCHG:Exchangesthecontentsofaregisterwiththecontentsofanyotherregisterormemorylocation.ItcanNOTexchangesegmentregistersormemory-to-memorydata.Byte,wordanddoublewordscanbeexchangedusinganyaddressingmode(exceptimmediate,ofcourse).XLAT:PerformsatablelookupoperationbyconvertingthevalueinALfromanindextoavaluestoredinthecellofatableinmemory. ✁✂✄EDX✄ESI☎✆✆☎✠✖✔☛✏✙✆ ✝✔☛✛✆✟☛ ✁✂✄AL✄ ✁✂✁✢☎✆☎✠✖✔☛✏✙✚✙✏✒✎✡✙✚✔☛✛✌✙✌✍✚ ✗✔✟✓✙✎✜MOV...

... ✚✞✛✜✢✑2✣✔✎✤✟✌✖✥✜✧✦✥✑✑✢✏✎★✑✥✤✝✩UMBCU M B CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6✪✎✫✬✠✭✮✯✰✰✭✱✲✮✎✳Addition,Increment,Add-with-carryandExchange-and-add(80486):Contentsoftherightmost8bitsoftheFLAGSregistercanchange(+Overflow)forarithmeticandlogicinstructions.Flagsinclude:•Z(resultzero?)•C(carryout?)•A(halfcarryout?)•S(resultpositive?)•P(resulthasevenparity?)•O(overflowoccurred?) ✁✁AL✂✄☎✆✆☎✝✞✟✠✡☛☎☞☞✍✌✎✏✍✑✒✓✔✕✖✗✘✚✙✖✙✖✛✜✖✢✏✌✖✗✣✤✥✦✝✧★✩✧✆✄EDI]☛☎☞☞✍✌✕✖✗✪✌✏✖✕✌✞✫✒✕✕✔✬✭✒✗✯✮ ✁✥ECX✂EBX☛★✫✰✱★✫✰✞★✦✰✂★✦✰✱✑✕✪✗✪✓✒✭★✫✰✮✲ ✁✁ECX✂EBX☛✳✌✖☞✬✑✕✒☞☞✪✓✗✴ ... ✚✞✛✜✢✑3✣✔✎✤✟✌✖✥✜✧✦✥✑✑✢✏✎★✑✥✤✝✩UMBCU M B CUNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY1 9 6 6✪✎✫✬✠✭✮✯✰✰✭✱✲✮✎✳Subtraction,DecrementandSubtract-with-borrow:Comparison:Changesonlytheflagbits.Oftenfollowedwithaconditionalbranch: ✁✂EAX✂EBX✁✄✥EDI☛✟✷✶✌✕✖✗✪✌✏✖✕✌☎✫✒✕✕✔✬✭✒✗✯✮ ✂✂ECX✂EBX;EAX=EAX-EBX✥✆✝AL✂✎✞✟✠ ✄LABEL1☛✡✷✙✢✪✬✖☛✷✒✭✑✕✶✍✖✭✑☞✮✠✂✄LABEL2☛✪✬✫✰✱✱☎✰✂☎✰✱✌✰✖✭✌✖☎✰✱✫✰✥✆✝✲✥✍✎CX✂DX☛✡✷✙✢✪✬✖☛✷✒✭✑✕✒✶✑✏✖✮ ✂✁✄☎ ... 6✪✎✫✬✠✭✮✯✰✰✭✱✲✮✎✳MultiplicationandDivision:IMUL/IDIV:Signedintegermultiplication/division.MUL/DIV:Unsigned.ALalwaysholdsthemultiplicand(orAXorEAX).ResultisplacedinAX(orDXandAXorEDXorEAX).CandObitsareclearedifmostsignificant8bitsofthe16-bitproductarezero(resultofan8-bitmultiplicationisan8-bitresult).Divisionbyzeroandoverflowgenerateerrors.Overflowoccurswhenasmallnumberdividesalargedividend.✆✁ BL✣✆✁ BX☛✟✢✖✜✪✒✭✂✫✰✱✌✰✁✎✂✟✄✌✪✗✓✖☞✑✓✭✔☎✣✆✁ CX✂✆✝✞✟✠✡;EDX|EAX=EAX*ECX✆✁ ECX☛☎✰✱☎☛✁✦☛✄✷✓✌✪✗✓✖☞☎☛✌✰☞☎✰✱☎✰✁✦✰✄✌✪✗✓✖☞☎✁✣✌CL;DX|AX=(DX|AX)/CX✣✁✣✌CX☛☎✟☞☎☛✱☎✰✘✫☛✂✷✓✌✪✗✓✖☞☛✷✑✏✪✖✓✏☛✪✓☎☛✂✕✖✙✒✪✓☞✖✕✪✓☎✟ ✂✁✄☎...