... from the problem of (2), in that any subpartof (4d) is not identical to a subpart of any of the strings in (3). Forexample, the Wrst concatenation in (4) is not identical to the Wrstconcatenation ... [eating at really fancy restaurants] and Doryloves to [too]. 14 The earliest form of the replacement or substitution test (e.g. Harris 1 946 ), allowedfreer equivalences. So, for example, one could ... constituents can be substitutedfor by a single word instead (the replacement test) (Harris 1 946 ).Usually, a pro-form 14 (pronoun, proverb, or proadjective, propreposi-tion) is used (29):(29) (a) eating...