... starting from immediate layer adjacent to it, alternate between being an irregular hexagonal (IH, the six sides and internal angles are not all equal) layer, and a regular hexagonal (RH) layer ... function More sophisticated models and laboratory studies are needed The electrophysiology of islet and β-cell oscillation, and evaluation of islet architectural organization, are all experimentally ... release need to be included: the oscillation of glycolysis, ATP/ADP ratio, cAMP, and the other metabolic factors such as NADPH, glutamate, glutamine; the cytosolic calcium, and the exchange of calcium...