Material that forms the earth’s crust

... shells  These fall to the bottom of the sea when the animals die They pile up over millions of years and the weight compresses the particles into layers of solid rock  Chemicals in the sea water ... sand is worn away from the earth’s crust This sand is carried by the wind and rivers  They are deposited in the sea or in a desert where the layers build up over time ...

Ngày tải lên: 30/11/2016, 18:18

... Field in the Atmosphere 1. 2 Interaction of the Radiation and the Atmosphere 1. 3 Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere 1. 4 Reflection of the Radiation from the Underlying Surface 1. 5 Cloud ... “integral scattering cross-section” The sense of these names is evident from (1. 12)– (1. 15) 12 Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere The substitution of the...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... the global cloud field (Bilingual) Izv RAS Atmosphere and Ocean Physics 20 : 120 5– 121 8 Minin IN (1988) The theory of radiation transfer in the planets atmospheres Nauka, Moscow (in Russian) Mazin ... provided 2 ≤ τ(z) ≤ τ1 (2. 12) Equation (2. 12) is also used in the case of the photon going out of the atmosphere ( 2 < 0) or reaching the surface ( 2 ≥ τ0 ) Aft...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... called an initial processing and obtained the radiance and irradiance spectra on the basis of the output signal of the instrument During the initial processing, the beginning point of the spectrum ... derived in the book by Minin (1988) after integrating (2.41): i↓↑ = ± 2s + 3s2 1.5 − g 0.8 ± 3s3 − 3g + + O(s4 ) 1+g 1+g (2. 43) It is also convenient to describe the interna...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... of Solar Irradiance and Radiance in Clear and Cloudy Atmospheres Fig 3.3a,b.Scheme of the airborne sounding: a in the coordinates “time-altitude”, b in the coordinates “cosine of the solar incident ... radiation decreases owing to the radiation extinction in the atmosphere For the upwelling irradiance this effect points to the predominance of scattering proce...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... for investigation of short-wave radiation field in the atmosphere In: Problems of Atmospheric Physics 6:Leningrad University Press, Leningrad, pp 1 75 181 (in Russian) Minin IN (1988) The theory ... for intermediate angles, the surface radiation budget is insensitive to the presence of or changes in, cloud cover.” The linear dependence of the cloud radiative forcing...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... the atmospheric gases Gas Wavelength interval (nm) H2 O O3 O2 NO2 NO3 444–4 46, 468 –470, 502–510, 538–552, 566 60 2, 62 6 66 6, 68 4–7 46, 784–978 330–3 56, 4 26 848 62 6 63 2, 68 6 69 4, 758–774 330 61 6, ... of the uncertainties of the obtained results As per Sect 4.4 the etalon algorithm for modeling the observational values while taking into account the processes of the...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... to the revealing of the methodological algorithm shortcomings Therefore, we are presenting the analysis of all retrieved parameters of the atmosphere including even the parameters whose obtaining ... method in the atmosphere optics Springer-Verlag, New York Minin IN (1988) The theory of radiation transfer in the planets atmospheres Nauka, Moscow (in Russian) Otnes...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... transmitted solar radiation J Atmos Sci 57:623–630 Minin IN (1 988 ) The theory of the radiation transfer in the planets atmospheres Nauka, Moscow (in Russian) Minin IN, Tarabukhina IM (1990) To studying ... Concerning the second reason, we present the following consideration According to the book by Minin (1 988 ), the part of diffused radiation in the cloud...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 26.7 35.0 47.8 48 .9 51.2 69. 9 74.3 82.2 61.2 75.6 93 .0 94 .3 93 .2 98 .5 92 .0 90 .7 94 .7 87.7 93 .8 90 .5 92 .9 90.8 91 .4 91 .8 87.1 89. 3 88 .9 29. 8 ... 1 09. 80 107.64 104. 79 101. 39 100.41 98 . 89 96.32 96 .10 94 . 79 85.71 86 .96 87.12 84.81 78.82 80. 79 80.24 47.16 55.08 68.52 60 .97 62.74 87 .95 89. 4...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... 0214 0281 0076 0106 0078 0106 0077 0106 0077 0106 0078 0105 0076 0105 0077 0105 0076 0105 0076 0104 0075 0105 0075 0104 0075 0104 0075 0104 0075 0103 0074 0103 0074 0102 0074 0100 0074 0998 0073 ... 322 010 321 010 314 010 312 010 311 010 302 010 292 010 288 010 283 010 279 010 264 009 257 009 257 009 254 009 262 011 258 011 251 012 252 011 248 010 241 010 239 010 233 010 228 01...

Ngày tải lên: 05/08/2014, 21:21

... months 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr Sept 22 Dec 21 March 20 Southern Hemisphere (Read Up) Dec 21 12.0 hr 11 .4 hr 10 .8 hr 10 .1 hr 9 .1 hr 7.7 hr 5.6 hr hr hr hr June 21 ... Different Dates Northern Hemisphere (Read Down) March 20 June 21 Sept 22 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 .0 hr 12 .6 hr 13 .2...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... 45 30 27 16 2 –4 –5 –6 22 10 –3 –7 –10 – 12 –13 –14 16 –5 –10 –15 –18 20 21 22 11 –3 –11 –17 22 25 27 29 –30 –9 –18 24 29 –33 –35 –37 –38 –15 25 –31 –36 –41 –43 –45 –46 –5 22 –31 –39 ... enjoy the sun during August and September would find its name appropriate indeed FIGURE 4.17 60 80 60 40 20 20 80 80 40 60 60 40 20 80 20 40 40 20 20 100 60 20 20 80 20 20 20 20 80 40 20 20...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20

... somewhere about the globe The script is written by the sun; the production is directed by the earth’s rotation; and, just as no theater scene is staged exactly the same way twice, each weather episode ... lingering close to the ground As the day progresses, sunlight warms the surface and the surface warms the air above As the air temperature near the ground increas...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 11:20