Marcro micro econmiy david begg chapter 028

... define sleep and wakefulness is termed polysomnography Polysomnographic profiles define two states of sleep: (1) rapid-eyemovement (REM) sleep, and (2) non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep NREM sleep ... mid-afternoon nap and a shortened night sleep Two principal systems govern the sleep- wake cycle: one actively generates sleep and sleep- related processes and another times sl...

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... slow-wave sleep may be completely absent, particularly in males A different age profile exists for REM sleep than for slow-wave sleep In infancy, REM sleep may comprise 50% of total sleep time, ... progressive decline in the amount of slow-wave sleep, and the amplitude of delta EEG activity comprising slow-wave sleep is profoundly reduced The depth of slow-wave sleep, as measure...

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... architecture of sleep are directly coupled to the output of the endogenous circadian pacemaker Paradoxically, the endogenous circadian rhythms of sleep tendency, sleepiness, and REM sleep propensity ... These rhythms are thus timed to oppose the homeostatic decline of sleep tendency during the habitual sleep episode and the rise of sleep tendency throughout the usual waking day, r...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... incidence of NREM sleep dream recall can be increased by selective REM sleep deprivation, suggesting that REM sleep and dreaming per se are not inexorably linked Physiologic Correlates of Sleep States ... during REM sleep Respiratory function also changes In comparison to relaxed wakefulness, respiratory rate becomes more regular during NREM sleep (especially slow-wave sleep) and...

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... condition, if sleep, possible; dopamine predisposing agonists (e.g., medical pramipexole, ropinirole) conditions condition (e.g., iron deficiency or renal failure) Disturbe d Sleep- wake sleep, diary ... falling asleep while driving Patients with excessive sleepiness should be advised to avoid all driving until effective therapy has been achieved Completion by the patient of a day-by-day...

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... prior to sleep or a bedroom environment that is not conducive to sleep Noise or light in the bedroom can interfere with sleep, as can a bed partner with periodic limb movements during sleep or ... co-morbid medical and psychiatric disorders All insomnias can be exacerbated and perpetuated by behaviors that are not conducive to initiating or maintaining sleep Inadequate sleep hygi...

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... sleep and reduced sleep continuity In mania and hypomania, sleep latency is increased and total sleep time can be reduced Patients with anxiety disorders tend not to show the changes in REM sleep ... substantially reduce hypoxia during sleep Comorbid Insomnia Insomnia Associated with Mental Disorders Approximately 80% of patients with psychiatric disorders describe sleep c...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... gene (Chap 3 78) Insomnia Associated with Other Medical Disorders A number of medical conditions are associated with disruptions of sleep The association is frequently nonspecific, e.g., sleep disruption ... the sleep disordered breathing Treatment of the sleep apnea may substantially improve the angina and the nocturnal sleep quality Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea can also occur a...

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... the cause of disturbed sleep When deemed to be the latter, PLMS is called PLMD PLMS occurs in a wide variety of sleep disorders (including narcolepsy, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, ... Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital.) Evaluation of Daytime Sleepiness Daytime impairment due to sleep loss may be difficult to quantify for several reasons First,...

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... results in chronic sleep disruption (e.g., sleep apnea in hypothyroidism) or in abnormal sleep (e.g., fibromyalgia) While clinical evaluation of the complaint of excessive sleepiness is usually ... such as hypothyroidism (Chap 335) or Addison's disease (Chap 336) While patients with these disorders can typically distinguish their daytime symptoms from the sleepiness that occurs with...

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... typically with MSLT mean sleep latencies

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... Both sleep terrors and sleepwalking represent abnormalities of arousal In contrast, nightmares occur during REM sleep and cause full arousal, with intact memory for the unpleasant episode Sleep ... one-third of cases Sleep Terrors This disorder, also called pavor nocturnus, occurs primarily in young children during the first several hours after sleep onset, in stages and of NREM sl...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... and sleep (stage sleep) in the absence of adequate processing of sensory input from the environment Motor vehicle operators are especially vulnerable to sleep- related accidents since the sleep- deprived ... profoundly sleepy at night In fact, their sleep latencies during night work average just min, comparable to mean sleep latency durations of patients with narcolepsy or severe day...

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... as increasing the risk of sleeprelated errors and performance lapses to a level that is unacceptable in nonemergency circumstances Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder is characterized ... patients, although the relapse rate is high Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD) is the converse of the delayed sleep phase syndrome Most commonl...

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... from studying human sleep disorders Nature 437:1279, 2005 [PMID: 16251953] Malhotra A, White DP: Obstructive sleep apnoea Lancet 360:237, 2002 [PMID: 12133673] Mignot E et al: Sleeping with the ... wakefulness: Dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 26:117, 2003 Young MW et al: Time...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20