Marcro micro econmiy david begg chapter 027

... sensory and motor areas constitute 10% of the cerebral cortex The rest is subsumed by unimodal, heteromodal, paralimbic, and limbic areas, collectively known as the association cortex (Fig 27 -1) The ... cognition; an occipitotemporal network for face and object recognition; a limbic network for retentive memory; and a prefrontal network for attention and behavior ... and beha...

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... right handers and 60% of left handers, aphasia occurs only after lesions of the left hemisphere In some individuals no hemispheric dominance for language can be discerned, and in some others ... meaning-appropriate syntax (grammar) Wernicke's and Broca's areas are interconnected with each other and with additional perisylvian, temporal, prefrontal, and posterior parietal regions,...

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... reading Wernicke's Aphasia Comprehension is impaired for spoken and written language Language output is fluent but is highly paraphasic and circumlocutious The tendency for paraphasic errors may be ... his dentures: "We don't need it anymore, she says And with it when that was downstairs was my teeth-tick a den dentith my dentist And they happened to be in that bag see? How could ......

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... middle cerebral artery, and to the posterior temporal or angular branches in particular, is the most common etiology (Chap 3 64) Intracerebral hemorrhage, severe head trauma, or neoplasm are other ... Fig 27-1) and surrounding anterior perisylvian and insular cortex, due to occlusion of the superior division of the middle cerebral artery (Chap 3 64) Mass lesions including tumor,...

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... the brain and usually involves the anterior watershed zone between anterior and middle cerebral artery territories or the supplementary motor cortex in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery ... isolated from other regions of the brain Broca's and Wernicke's areas tend to be spared, but there is damage to the surrounding frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex Lesions are...

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... dysfunction and that does not arise from the patient's failure to understand the nature of the task The form that is most frequently encountered in clinical practice is known as ideomotor apraxia Commands ... movements of the face and mouth Limb apraxia encompasses apraxic deficits in movements of the arms and legs Ideomotor apraxia is almost always caused by lesions in the left hemisph...

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... melodic stress and intonation influence the meaning and impact of spoken language For example, the two statements "He is clever." and "He is clever?" contain an identical word choice and syntax but ... earliest and most profound neuronal loss in memory- related parts of the brain such as the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus This is why progressive forgetfulness for recent ev...

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... of frontotemporal lobar degenerations (FTLD) and displays various combinations of focal neuronal loss, gliosis, tau-positive inclusions, Pick bodies, and tau-negative ubiquitin inclusions (Chap ... GornoTempini and colleagues, three variants of PPA can be recognized: an agrammatical variant characterized by poor fluency and impaired syntax, a semantic variant characterized by pres...

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... lesser impact on overall awareness; there is a paucity of exploratory and orienting acts directed toward the neglected hemispace; and the patient behaves as if the neglected hemispace was motivationally ... more common, severe, and lasting after damage to the right hemisphere than after damage to the left hemisphere Severe neglect for the right hemispace is rare, even in left handers wi...

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... (oculomotor apraxia) and in accurate manual reaching toward visual targets (optic ataxia) The third and most dramatic component of Bálint's syndrome is known as simultanagnosia and reflects an inability ... the visual identification of objects and scenes For example, a patient who is shown a table lamp and asked to name the object may look at its circular base and call it an ash t...

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... hemisphere and object agnosia with lesions in the left The Limbic Network for Memory: Amnesias Limbic and paralimbic areas (such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex), the anterior and ... tone, and endocrine function An additional area of specialization for the limbic network, and the one which is of most relevance to clinical practice, is that of declarative (con...

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... encephalopathies and some types of frontal lobe damage interfere with attentional capacity and lead to secondary memory impairments, even in the absence of any limbic lesions This sort of memory impairment ... hypothalamus, and the limbic thalamus Occasionally, unilateral left-sided lesions can give rise to an amnestic state, but the memory disorder tends to be transient Depending...

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... initiative, creativity, and curiosity and displays a pervasive emotional blandness and apathy In the frontal disinhibition syndrome, the patient becomes socially disinhibited and shows severe impairments ... disrupt the orderly registration and retrieval of new information and lead to secondary memory deficits Such memory deficits can be differentiated from the primary memory...

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... medial temporal areas belonging to the memory network and is clinically characterized by a correspondingly severe amnesia There are other dementias where memory is intact Frontal lobe dementia ... diagnosis and treatment of these patients requires an understanding of the principles that link neural networks to higher cerebral functions FURTHER READINGS Catani M, Ffychte H: The ris...

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