Insect Ecology. An Ecosystem Approach 3edition

... (Batra 19 66, Bronstein 19 98, Janzen 19 66, Morgan 19 68, Rickson 19 71, 19 77); island biogeography (Darlington 19 43, MacArthur and Wilson 19 67, Simberloff 19 69, 19 78); metapopulation ecology (Hanski 19 89); ... exacerbate ecosystem change (e.g., Croft and Gutierrez 19 91, Kogan 19 98), especially in managed ecosystems Research on insects and associated arthropods (e.g....

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... environmental changes, as described earlier, any change will alter insect abundance and distribution and may increase the incidence of crop pests and vectors of human and animal diseases (Stapp et al 20 04, ... CONDITIONS FIG 2. 9 Changes in abundance of a root bark beetle, Hylastes nigrinus, in undisturbed, 1 2- yr-old plantations (black squares) of Douglas fir and plantations thinned in...

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... many insects to use toughened foliage (e.g., Scriber and Slansky 1981) The viscous oleoresin (pitch) produced by conifers and some hardwoods can push insects out of plant tissues (Fig 3. 2) Many ... produced by many plants to seal wounds Pitch flow in response to injury by insect feeding can physically push the insect away, deter further feeding, kill the insect and associated microorga...

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... canopy-foraging tropical ant, Paraponera clavata, and an arid-grassland seed-harvesting ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis They found that the ratio ranged from 3.9 for nectar foraging P clavata and ... 0. 64 0.60 0.55 0 .48 0 .43 0 .41 0. 54 P/I 0 .41 0.26 0.28 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.20 0.23 P/I 0.59 0 .43 0 .47 0 .42 0.56 0.63 0.53 0.52 Reproduced from Schowalter et al (1977) with permission from...

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... and 5% dispersed >5 km, whereas 50 % of their primary prey, the southern pine beetle, moved no more than 0.7 km and 95% moved no more than 2. 25 km St Pierre and Hendrix (2003) demonstrated that 56 % ... with sex-linked mutant genes in Drosophila melanogaster (Peterson and Merrell 1983), mutant and wild-male phenotypes exhibited about the same viability, but mutant males showed a signific...

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... postdisturbance conditions Disturbances affect insect populations both directly and indirectly Disturbances create lethal conditions for many insects For example, fire can burn exposed insects (Porter and ... for associated herbivores Similarly, long disturbance-free intervals can lead to eventual replacement of ruderal plant species and their associated insects Changes in canopy cover or pl...

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... significantly highest along dirt roads not covered by forest canopy and lowest along roads covered by forest canopy Powerline and graveled or paved roads not covered by forest canopy supported intermediate ... 50 C Y- X- 696 Co 50 or d (m ) 70 0 19 71 00 19 71 50 18 72 00 Elevation 150 FIG 7. 13 Spatial structure of proportion of trees attacked by Dendroctonus micans, based on two-dimensi...

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... colonists (Fig 8. 11) (e.g., Harrison and Karban 1 986 , M Hunter 1 987 , Kogan and Paxton 1 983 , N Moran and Whitham 1990, Sticher et al 1997, Van Zandt and Agrawal 2004, Wold and 100 40 80 A 20 Regrowth ... reduced weight, and reduced survival Many homopterans vector plant pathogens and may benet from changes in host condition induced by infection (Kluth et al 2002) Leaf-cutting ants, At...

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... which included an El Niño event (1992–1993) Winter 1992 precipitation was times the historic mean and increased plant cover 10 160-fold Insect abundance doubled in 1992 and 1993, compared to 1991 ... Schowalter and Lowman 1999) Similarly, Tullis and Goff (1987) and Wells and Greenberg (1994) reported that predaceous ants affected colonization and activity of carrion feeders and affected...

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... insects affect ecosystem structure and function The varied effects of herbivores are addressed in Chapter 12 Although not often viewed from an ecosystem perspective, pollination and seed predation affect ... function in plants and is not retained in plant tissues, but it is required by animals for osmotic balance and for muscle and nerve function Consequently, it is conserved tightly...

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... shoot-feeding aphids, Cinara pseudotsugae, significantly reduced Douglas-fir root tissue density and growth and that at least year was required for recovery after feeding ceased V.K Brown and Gange ... Schowalter and Ganio (1999, 2003), and Schowalter and Crossley (1988) compared canopy herbivore abundances and folivory in replicated disturbed (harvest or hurricane) and undisturbed patches ......

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... seed coat of consumed seeds (Campbell and Shea 1990) Postdispersal seed predation can be measured by placing marked seeds on the ground and measuring rate of disappearance (C Chapman and Chapman ... seeds per cone 160 1992 Year Total seed per cone Seeds damaged by insects Seed yield FIG 13. 6 Relationship between total seed produced, seed loss to insects, and seed yield in a Douglas fir seed...

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... (1969) -0 .69 -0 .73 -0 .04 Madge (1969) -0 .22 -0 .43 -0 .21 49 Elkins and Whitford (1982) -0 .30 -0 .36 -0 .06 17 J Williams and Wiegert (1971) -0 .14 -0 .45 -0 .31 69 Vossbrinck et al (1979) -1 .15 -1 .55 -0 .22 ... (unpubl), Seastedt and Crossley (1980, 1983) Witkamp and Crossley (1966) -0 .41 -0 .50 -0 .09 18 J Anderson (1973) -0...

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... droughtintolerant vegetation and litter accumulation The relatively isolated higher elevation and riparian zones were more mesic and supported shade-tolerant (but fire- and drought-intolerant) fir and spruce ... successional fir FIG 15. 7 The relatively arid interior forest region of North America was characterized by open-canopied forests dominated by drought- and fire-tolerant pines, and by sp...

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