principles of relevance to an ecosystem approach to fisheries eaf

... building and active mentoring to the fishery managers and senior fishery officers as a means of bringing about changes to national fishery management plans INPUTS AND PARTICIPATION Prior to the ... See also Annex F for a group photo of the participants and facilitators Facilitators Facilitators needed to be knowledgeable on sea cucumber fisheries, have a broad understanding of regulatory measures, ... ecosystem approach to fisheries, data in the Pacific  Ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) – we need to understand the longer timeframe needed to implement EAF because it is more holistic  Mangers...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 10:12

... of Understanding to foster an ecosystem approach and the Enlibra Principles, brought together an interagency team to collaborate on writing Eco-Logical: An Ecosystem Approach to Developing Infrastructure ... performance of implemented mitigation can then be measured, providing information useful to future iterations of the integrated planning process 1 Advantages of an Ecosystem Approach CHAPTER I An ecosystem ... and social concerns • Improved watershed and ecosystem health – A systematic approach to the preventive, diagnostic, and prognostic aspects of ecosystem management, and to the understanding of...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 23:20

... Europe and the USA Figure 1-4 Anatomic divisions of the human stomach Figure 1-5 ASR incidence and mortality of GC by ethnicity in Singapore Figure 1-6 ASR incidence and mortality of GC in males and ... staining of GC tumor cores using an anti-human Serpin B8 monoclonal antibody Figure 13-5 Immunostaining for human pan-cytokeratin AE1/ AE3 of GC tumor cores Figure 13-6 Immunohistochemical staining of ... women Native and Hispanic Americans are also twice as likely to develop GC compared to the white population3-5 The higher ASR in African-Americans, Hispanics and Asians may be partly due to their...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:38

... these ndings of tight and ecologically signicant associations of growth, RNA, and P contents suggest that major aspects of an organisms ecology and life history have an important stoichiometric ... functioning of coastal zone ecosystems and their role in the uxes of materials among land, sea, and atmosphere; the capacity of the coastal ecosystems to transform and store particulate and dissolved ... Colin R Townsend, and Alan G Hildrew PART II Examining food-web theories Some random thoughts on the statistical analysis of food-web data Andrew R Solow Analysis of size and complexity of randomly...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 19:20

... useful indicators of change, major engineers and potential regulators of ecosystem conditions, and frequent competitors with human demands for ecosystem resources or vectors of human and animal diseases ... changing patterns of ecosystem structure and function and for applying insect ecology to understanding of ecosystem, landscape, and global issues, such as climate change or sustainability of ecosystem ... implications for ecosystem responses to anthropogenic change in environmental conditions and for our approaches to managing insects and ecosystem resources III ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND DISTURBANCE Environmental...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... sensitivity to environmental changes, as described earlier, any change will alter insect abundance and distribution and may increase the incidence of crop pests and vectors of human and animal diseases ... proportion of the community Plant species capable of withstanding low -to- moderate wind speeds may topple at high wind speeds Hurricane winds damage large areas of forest and can virtually eliminate many ... accumulation of potentially toxic levels of any single component (N Hadley 1994) Cold tolerance varies with life stage, temperature, and exposure time and can be enhanced by preconditioning to sublethal...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... hydrolyzed into glucose and a cyanohydrin that spontaneously decomposes into a ketone or aldehyde and hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide is toxic to most organisms because of its inhibition of cytochromes ... hosts by means of infrared receptors on their antennae (Matthews and Matthews 1978) The importance of flower color and color patterns to attraction of pollinators has been a topic of considerable ... resistant to major insecticides used against them, primarily through a limited number of resistance mechanisms that confer cross-resistance to plant defenses and structurally related toxicants and,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... of defensive compounds that can deter or injure predators, as described in Chapter Many of these compounds are energetically expensive to produce and may be toxic to the producer as well as to ... provides an important mechanism that identifies species and sex, thereby enhancing reproductive isolation Color patterns, odors, and tactile stimuli are important aspects of courtship For many species, ... exposure of eggs to abiotic conditions suitable for hatching The choice of oviposition site also affects the exposure of hatching immatures to predators and parasites and their proximity to suitable...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... or endangered species Isolation of demes as a result of habitat fragmentation can reduce their ability to reestablish local demes and lead to permanent changes in community structure and ecosystem ... to reduced binding of the toxin to membranes of the midgut epithelium A single gene confers resistance to four Bt toxins in the diamondback moth (Tabashnik et al 1997), and >5000-fold resistance ... patterns and efficiency of long-distance dispersal Changes in these variables and processes are the basis for population dynamics Regulatory factors and models of population change in time and space...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... disturbance can reduce the abundance or virulence of entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria, or viruses (Mattson and Haack 1987, Roland and Kaupp 1995) Disturbance or fragmentation reduce the abundances and ... activity of some predators and parasites (Kruess and Tscharntke 1994, Roland and Taylor 1997) and may induce or support outbreaks of defoliators (Roland 1993) Alternatively, fragmentation can interrupt ... numerically to changes in prey density (see Chapter 8) Predators can be attracted to an area of high prey abundance, a behavioral 163 164 POPULATION DYNAMICS response, and increase production of offspring...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... important for conservation and restoration of populations of entomophagous predators and parasites in landscapes managed for ecosystem commodities (e.g., forestry and agricultural products) Predators ... introduction of a large and growing number of plant and animal species to new regions as a result of transportation of commercial species and forest and agricultural products Urban areas represent ... isolated landscape patches (Cronin 2003, Hanski and Simberloff 1997, Leisnham and Jamieson 2002, Simberloff 1974, Soulé and Simberloff 1986) Critics of this approach have argued that oceanic islands...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... partners and is exemplied by pollinatorplant, antplant, antaphid, and detritivorefungus interactions A variety of factors inuence the nature and intensity of interaction Abiotic factors that ... rapid spread of invasive plants and animals (Torchin and Mitchell 2004) Parasitic interactions can be quite diverse and complex Parasites can be assigned to several categories (van den Bosch ... development or transmission Because of this specicity, parasites and parasitoids tend to be more effective than predators in responding to and controlling population irruptions of their hosts and, therefore,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... colonization and replacement of species: weedy annual to perennial grass to forb, to shrub, to shade-intolerant tree, and finally to shade-tolerant tree stages on abandoned cropland Succession ... rates for ant species were related to island size and distance from population sources The ability of an ant species to colonize increasingly smaller islands was similar to its ability to colonize ... structure changes over a range of time scales, from annual to decadal to millenial time periods Temporal patterns of community organization and their sensitivity to environmental changes can indicate...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... Effect of canopy cover on average runoff and soil erosion, based on 41 runoff-producing storms totaling 1128 mm in northern Thailand Data from Ruangpanit (1985) Furthermore, evapotranspiration can ... important means of converting inorganic N2 into ammonia, the source of most nitrogen available to plants Other chemoautotrophic bacteria oxidize ammonia into nitrite or nitrate (the form of nitrogen ... rates of photosynthesis, especially in still air, can deplete CO2 in the boundary area around the leaf, reducing photosynthetic efficiency Ruderal plants in terrestrial ecosystems and phytoplankton...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... an ecosystem affects both the distribution of individuals of a particular plant species and the opportunities for growth of plant species resistant to or tolerant of herbivory The intensity of ... of plant material (Carpenter and Kitchell 1984, Lowman and Heatwole 1992, McNaughton 1979, Schowalter and Ganio 2003), and some plant species suffer mortality at lower levels of herbivory than ... Folivores and leaf miners reduce foliage surface area and photosynthetic capacity, thereby limiting plant ability to produce and accumulate photosynthates for growth and maintenance In addition to direct...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... number transported to ant nests and distance from the parent plant to the nest for given diaspore dropping rates (A) and relationship between seed number transported to nests and dropping rate of diaspores ... number of factors influence the efficiency of pollen transport between conspecific reproductive structures The mechanism of pollen transport, proximity of conspecific plants, pollinator attraction to ... Observations of the type and frequency of floral visitors can provide a measure of pollinator activity (Aizen and Feinsinger 1994, Ghazoul and McLeish 2001, Sakai et al 1999, Steffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... savannas in West Africa consumed 60% of annual wood fall and 3% of annual leaf fall (24% of total litter production), but fire removed 0.2% of annual wood fall and 49% of annual leaf fall (31% of ... SUMMARY by kangaroo rat mounds and ant mounds, indicating that ant mounds are important determinants of vegetation structure Jonkman (1978) reported that abandoned nests of leaf-cutter ants, Atta ... reduced biomass of four annual plant species and significantly increased biomass of one annual plant species They observed an overall trend toward increased biomass of annual plants in plots with termites...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... variability of ecosystem parameters Our management of ecosystem resources, and in particular our approach to managing phytophagous insects, requires that we understand the extent to which phytophages ... conditions and frequent droughts that historically maintained a sparse woodland dominated by drought- and fire-tolerant (but shade-intolerant) pine trees and a ground cover of grasses and shrubs, ... ecosystem vulnerability to some disturbances, including fire and storms Complex ecosystems with high storage capacity (i.e., forests) are the most buffered ecosystems, in terms of regulation of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... 1986 Analysis of the interactions of host plant resistance, phytophagous and entomophagous species In Interactions of Plant Resistance and Parasitoids and Predators of Insects (D.J Boethel and ... herbivores and plant population dynamics Annual Review of Entomology 34: 531564 Creelman, R.A., and J.E Mullet 1997 Biosynthesis and action of jasmonates in plants Annual Review of Plant Physiology and ... B.T Lucey, and M.J McKone 1998 Diversity and abundance of understorey plants on active and abandoned nests of leaf-cutting ants (Atta cephalotes) in a Costa Rican rain forest Journal of Tropical...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 14:20

... potential regulators of ecosystem conditions, and frequent competitors with human demands for ecosystem resources or vectors of human and animal diseases Insects play critical roles in ecosystem function ... geographical ranges of insect species generally are determined by their tolerances, or the tolerances of their food resources and predators, to variation in abiotic conditions Tolerance ranges are ... biotic and abiotic factors However, failure to understand these aspects of insect ecology within an ecosystem context undermines our ability to predict and manage insect populations and ecosystem...

Ngày tải lên: 02/12/2015, 19:08