... 20 00.6. P. Checkland and S. Holwell, Information, Systems and Information Systems: Making Senseof the Field, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1998.7. P. Checkland, Systems Thinking Systems ... seeking the ‘‘IT’’ in IT research—a call to theorizingthe IT artefact’, Information Systems Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, 20 01, 121 –134.5. Figures taken from D. Tapscott, D. Ticoll and A. Lowy, Digital ... ImplicationsEffectivenessof strategic decision makingPhase 1Financial planning Phase 2 Forecast-based planning Phase 3Externally-orientated planning Phase 4 Strategic managementMeet budget...