... categories of self-directing strategies: (1) knowing about language (relating to what language and language learning involves, (2) planning (relating to what and how of language learning) and (3) ... contribution to investigating and training learning strategies to beginning EFL learners, and more importantly, systemizing some learning strategies that might work well with the beginning English ... an understanding of the arbitrary uses of language (Miller, 1956). Bilinguals may be expected to have an advantage in understanding arbitrariness in language use and, accordingly, in metalinguistic...