... bronchialarteries appeared to be the source of haemoptysis (tortu-ous hypertrophy, systemic -to- pulmonary shunting,extravasation of contrast material, or peribronchial hyper-vascularisation) ... emer-gency surgery. A relatively large subset of our patients (23%) was managed conservatively, based on ourapproach to assess the amount of blood loss and other cri-teria of severity on admission. ... haemoptysis The cause of haemoptysis was diagnosed on the combina-tion of history, physical examination, chest radiography,fiberoptic bronchoscopy, CT scan, microbiology and his-tology when available....