Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 2 pot
Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 2 pot
... have traditionally been the most popular and universally used of alt mechanical tests and are described by ASTM standard Vests such as D638, D8 82, and D4 12. These tests can be more difficult to ... bewildering number of mechanical tests and testing instru-ments. Most of these tests are very specialized and have not been officially recognized as standardized tests. Some of these tests, however, ... Besides the ASTM standard tests, a number of general reference books have been published on testing and on the mechanical properties of poly-mers and viscoelastic materials (2- 7). Unfortunately,...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 1 doc
... molecular weight and branching 26 5I. Effect of cross-linking 26 8J. Relationships and inlcraclJQrtS 27 7K. Effect of erysNsllinity 28 0U. Hffects of ptusticizHtion and cbpotynteri^ifbti 28 3M. Molecular ... Comprcssioii and shear versus tensile tests:Rigid polymers 24 9E. Effect of temperature 25 3F. Rale of testing and the failure envelope 25 6G. Effect of hydrostatic pressure 2t?3H. Effect of molecular ... orientation 28 5N. Polyblends, block, and graft polymers 29 2IJ. Brittle Fracture and Stress Concentrators 29 5A. Stress concentrators 29 5B. Fracture theory 29 7IK. Theories of Yielding and Cold-...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 3 potx
... Tg value of poly(vinyl acetate) at the rate of 0. ,22 K'MPa (0 .22 C/atm). The' Tg value of polyfvinyl chloride) increases by 0.14 K/MPn (f).()14fiC/atm). while the rate of increase ... value of Tg for infinite molecular weight, in the 22 Chapter 1 value of plnsticized polymers is then given by (51.96)' Equation ( 4 1 ) becomes equation (38) if K = 1. and it is often ... robbers the rate of increase is about 0.17 K/MPa (0.017 C/bar) (67), and for polypropylene it is 0 .20 K/MPa (0. 020 V/kg cm ^2) (68). Zoeller (69) has carried out extensive measurements of pressure...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 4 pdf
... Testing and Materials. Phil-adelphia. 17. I). Telfair and U. K. Nason, Mod. Plastics, 20 , 85 (July 194.1). 15. D. R. Morey. Iml. EnR. Chem 37. 25 5 (1945). W. ASTM Standards DIH 22- 6H and D22H9-W, ... I), Ferry. Viscoelastic properties of Polymers, 3rd ed., Wiley. New York, 1980. 4. I , n, Nielsen. Mechanical Properties of Polymers. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 19 62. 5. J V. Schinit/., ... behavior of polymers, and since these factors can be varied over a wide range, the mechani-cal properties of crystalline polymers take on a bewildering array of possibilities. The nature of the mechanical...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 5 doc
... all directions. Unoriented amorphous polymers and annealed glasses are examples of such materials. They haveonly one of each of the three kinds of moduli, and since the moduli areinterrelated, ... density of the material making up the beam of totalmass m, P the period of the oscillation, fH the frequency of the vibrationsin hertz or cycles per second, and / the rotary moment of inertia ... Figure1 .2. The resulting central deflection V is measured and the Young's mod-ulus E is calculated as follows:where C and D are the width and thickness of the specimen (11, 12) . Thisflexure...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 6 doc
... type of polymer or copolymer),molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, degree of cross-linking, and of Plasticization. For two-phase and multiphase systems such as semi-crystalline polymers ... temperature and frequency and of changes in the nature of the pol-ymer is closely tied ty) TK and £(,A,, which set the location of the transitionzone in plots such as Figure 5B and A, respectively.Molecular ... made and there is no equivalent to the characteristic time of Figure 5A).In this section we summarize the effect of structural and compositionalfactors on the modulus of the simplest of amorphous...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 7 pdf
... effect of any change in £()jrCopolymers and plasticized materials often show another effect—abroadening of the transition region with a decrease in the slope of themodulus curve in the region of ... plateau.Plasticizers and Copolymerization also shift the glass transition responses of the amorphous phase of crystalline polymers. In addition, the degree of Crystallinity and melting point are ... detail in laterchapters.E. Block and Graft Polymers and PolyblendsIn a few cases mixtures of two polymers are soluble in one another, wherethere is a close match of the solubility parameters or...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 8 docx
... elongation comes from the spring E 2 and dashpot T] 2 ,in parallel, and from the dashpot with the viscosity r\?. The total elongationFigure 2 Stress relaxation of a Maxwell model on a logarithmic ... which consists of a Hookean spring and a Newtonian dashpot in series as shown in theinsert in Figure 1. The modulus or stiffness of the spring is E, and theviscosity of the dashpot is r\. In ... and 2 for values somewhat typical of an elastomer. All the initial deformationtakes place in the spring; at a later time the dashpot starts to relax and allows the spring to contract. Most of...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 9 doc
... superpositionprinciple were made by Ferry, who made the process explicit (25 ); byTobolsky (6 ,26 ); and by Williams, Landel, and Ferry (1 ,27 ), who showedthat the reference temperature is not arbitrary ... ratio of a viscosity to a modulus, as in the spring-dashpotmodel of Figure 1, but each sprint! has the same (shear) modulus, and the steady-flow viscosity T] of equation (16) is the sum of the ... amorphous polymers isor. less accurately, using the average value of Au from many polymers, of 4.S x H) ' K \is the difference between the liquid and glassy volumetric expansioncoefficients and...
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Mechanical properties of polymers and composites-Nielsen Episode 10 ppsx
... of 0.980. Reid (80,81) hassuggested that for rigid amorphous polymers. should be proportionalmay be related to the. For brittle polymers, the value of toonset of crazing.Equations ( 32) and ... nitrogen.Annealing can reduce the creep of crystalline polymers in the samemanner as for glassy polymers (89,94,1 02) . For example, the properties of a quenched specimen of low-density polyethylene will ... and others (73,100), and ABS polymers have been studied also (87,93,101). Polypropylene has alsobeen a popular polymer ( 92, 1 02, 103). Sharma studied a chlorinated poly-ethcr (Penton) (104) and...
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