Modern Developments in X-Ray and Neutron Optics Episode 11 docx

... the power of inverse of the complex refractive index of the next (outer) layer, including an inclination term. Thus inreflectance is not defined for the outermost layer. Maximizing the inreflectance ... index varies con- tinuously in depth. In this case, an inhomogeneous coating with a refractive index profile can be optimized, in principle, at every thickness element to obtain the largest...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... Focusing Optics for Neutrons F. Ott 113 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 CharacteristicsofNeutronBeams 114 7.3 Passive Focusing: Collimating Focusing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7.4 ... similarity between neutron and X-ray optics. Focusing systems for neutrons also have much in common with their X-ray equivalents; in particular, focusing tests using capi...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... initial analytical estimation of the sampling intervals. The phase- space coordinates and other random quantities (e.g., scattering angles or penetration depth in a crystal) determining the neutron ... (2.24) 2.5.7 Intersection Point The intersection point (x M ,y M ,z M ) of the ray with the optical element is determined by solving the quadratic equation in t generated by inserting (...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... determinant relating source coordinates and image angles. 5 The expression 1/  |D| accounting for the surface integration. products of the coordinates and angles is linear and can be described in ... field and also allows for its propagation across “thin” optics. This code is described in Sect. 5.2. Beamlines at UV and shorter wavelengths require highly grazing incidence optic...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... is proposed. 8.1 Introduction All modern high-resolution X-ray microscopes (TXMs) and scanning trans- mission X-ray microscopes (STXMs) use zone plates as imaging or focusing X-ray optical elements ... of the spin states is focused; the other spin state is defocused [17] 7 Focusing Optics for Neutrons 115 A number of experiments require high resolution only in the scattering p...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... scanning pentaprism. The main advantages of such a configuration were the introduction of an angle-maintaining pentaprism (less sensitive to vibra- tions and to the tilting errors of the scanning ... during a scan, an artificial slope is introduced, resulting in an incorrect measurement of the radius of curvature of the optic. Precise ther- mal monitoring at different points inside this inne...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... described in (13.3). It is possible to make the measurement without changing anything in the LTP but instead by simply inclining the grating with respect to the optics table in order to obtain the ... engineering conception, the design of the NOM and the first measurements are discussed in detail. 11. 1 Engineering Conception and Design The nanometer optical component measuring...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... by Tatchyn in 1990 [105], and the first zone plate with a blazed zone profile was manufactured at Wisconsin and tested at the APS using 8 keV X-rays showing 45% efficiency for linear and 39% efficiency ... plasma chemical vaporization machining (PCVM) is employed for rough figuring, and elastic emission machining (EEM) is used for final figuring and surface super smoothing. These methods d...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... are included, and several applications of capillary optics in X-ray diffractometry, micro -X-ray fluorescence analysis and absorption spectroscopy are presented. 18.1 Introduction Traditionally X-ray ... using single and multiple reflections are relatively efficient and are, in some cases, unique instruments for beam shaping of X-rays from laboratory sources as well as of synchr...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22

... number requires specialised instruments for tests and a careful and time consuming production process. The interesting point in the large tolerance for the surface errors in X-ray transmission lenses ... soft X-ray contact microscopy, or micromachining of polymers by direct photoetching. Grazing incidence X-ray optics can be used to collect the radiation in a wide wavelength...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 05:22