Smog - A REPORT TO THE PEOPLE Episode 5 potx

... propane and natural gas have been includedCostofFuelIYeargasoline21,280 gallons 28.8¢ (avg.)yearx gallon =6130/yearpropane 25, 500 gallons 18 .5 - $4720yearx gallon - /yearnatural gas2,128,000 ... for the carburetor float bowlandother chambersare either eliminated, made internal (so the vapors are consumed by the engine), or manifolded to a vapor storage system such as a carboncanisteror ... 5, 200units/yr/truckat7¢/unit=$364/yr/truck=$1O,920/yr/fleetLPG: 5, 720gal/yr/truckat6¢/gallon=$343/yr/truck=$1O,300/yr/fleetTotal savings:$28,000/yrwith natural gas$13,200/yrwithLPGThese additional savings greatly reduce the payback time.Payback time: Natural gas - 1-3 /4yearsLPG - 1 year The economics...

... against the economic andsocial costsofthese measures. The Clean AirActof1970(as amended) appears to give the Administratorof the EPAdiscretionary authority to approve suchanapproach by a ... available,and the figure of8%isregarded by the Pace Company as a reasonable initial targetthatwouldnotplace too great a strainonrefineriesandother sources (mainly natural gasfields).2 5The major ... diseases.6RecommendedAmbientAirQuality Standards Applicable to AllAirBasins, a report to the Califor-nia Air Resources Board by the Technical Advisory Committee, September, 1970.'StateofCalifornia, Environmental Quality...

... aerosolsmayamount to as much as 25% of the total in the atmosphere,on the basisof a yearly average.Onparticularly "smoggy" days these chemically-producedaerosols mayamount to 75% of the ... 10,p.43. 6The Pace Report, page84.'1972 LP-Gas RefuelingDirectory, Woodall's National LP-Gas Association.66EQL Strategy#1makes a modest contribution towards cleaner air,but the summationofall ... systems.lOWith these exemptions a gallon equivalentofnatural gas costsaboutone-thirdandpropaneabouttwo-thirds the priceofgasoline purchasedatbulk rates.Maintenance: Because natural gasandpropaneburncleanly,...

... benot to recognize any; forexample, as in the caseofBritain to make propane (or its equivalent) manda-tory for all taxi cabs in London.Justas with the incometax the generalargument against providing ... loopholesisthatthereisnonatural stoppingplace.On the other hand, it also must be recognizedthatpoliticians some-times aren't willing to be as harsh as they might, because they regard the political ... old car immediately. The point of the emissionstaxis to leave each motorist a free choiceamong many options,sothathecanrespond in the manner most advanta-geous to himself.Ithas already...

... withanestimateofaverage mileage to compute the total massemissions which are to be taxed. There are two waysofcollecting such a tax: oneis to impose the taxasanexcise or sales tax, and ... beanincentive to operate a well-tuned car even if the taxdidnotvary with actual miles driven.If the motoristis to pay the tax, however, thereis a simple way to make the taxvary with actual mileage. The odometerofeach ... 52 .5 Tax at0. 15 /gm$101. 25 $121$1 35 $1 45 $127.20$1 15 $80.30$112_ 50 - $78. 75 Tax atO.l¢/gm$67 .50 $80.60 $90.20 $96.90$84.80$76.70 $53 .50 $ 75 - $52 .50 I-'I-'0TABLE16TaxSavingsforEmissionsReductionMODELYEAR1972...

... INOXIDANTAIRQUALITYFOR THE SOUTH COASTAIRBASIN (0.20ppm)PRESENTStRATEGY(1971) /@)m1970YEAR139 75 7780Figure 12SUPPLYANDDEMAND OF NATURAL GASINAUGUST19 75 FOR SOUTHERNCAliFORNIA 5. 0I-Peak ... J~<!ex:::Jf-1.0~<!2 - Firm--Firm--Firm-@)m196919 75 ActualLowHighUseProjectionProjection142Figure13SUMMARY OF PROPANE SUPPLYANDDEMANDANNUALAVERAGES FORCALIFORNIA to- '.j:>.w a: <l:w> a: wQ.(I,) JW a: a: <l: a3 U.o(I,)2o J J2w2<l:Q.o a: Q. 5 19687072YEAR74PresentDemand ... SOUTHERNCAliFORNIA 5. 0I-Peak SupplyLevel >=<!Cl4.0 25% Auto H l-f-UJConversionOther-UJu./InterruptibleAverageu/Supplyo::lLevel::J__r- - - - u3.0I- - u.01V)2 - OtherInterruptible-0...

... LOC'lo(/JClwwUxww(,')<l: a: w><l: a: =>oJ:wZo~=>~X<l:~ a: <l:w> ;- 155 ABOUT THE AUTHORSLESTERLEES,directorof the EnvironmentalQualityLaboratory,isprofessorofaeronauticsandenviron-mentalengineeringatCaltech.Heis the authorofnumerouspapersonproblemsofhighspeedflight,especiallyentryofmissilesandspacecraftintoplan-etaryatmospheres.Hehasalsoworkedon the identi-ficationofsuchobjectsbymeansoftheirwakesigna-tures.Heis a consultant to the aerospaceindustryand to severalgovernmentagencies.In the lasttwoyearshismaininterestshaveshifted to large-scaleenviron-mentalproblems.Heis a memberof the NationalAcademyofEngineering.MARKBRALYisadministrativeassistant to the directorof the EnvironmentalQualityLaboratory.HehasanM .A. degreeinpoliticalscienceandanotherinpublicpolicyandadministrationfrom the UniversityofWis-consin,Madison,wherehewas a FordFoundationfellowin196 8-7 0.Following a tourofnewsreportinginHouston,heservedasAssistantU.S.pressattacheinBangkokanddirectoroftwoUnitedStatesInformationServicebranchpostsinSouthThailand.MAHLONEASTERLINGis a seniormemberof the technicalstaffat the CaltechJetPropulsionLaboratory.Hisworkhasbeenintelecommunications,developingrangingsystems,planetaryradarandtelemetrysys-tems.Hehaspublished a numberofpapersinhisfield;is the co-authorofonebookandcontributor to twoothers;andholdsfourUnitedStatespatents.Atpresentheisonleavefrom the JPL to serveasseniorstaffmemberwith the EnvironmentalQualityLabora-tory,whereheco-authored the firstEQL Report, People, Power,Pollution.169PRESENTSTRATEGY(1971)~10.00> ;- <{Cl ... on'/LF',,,B,wl~~~:'"'wO"I-'0'1(J1ROBERTFISHERis a graduateof the UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,LawSchoolwhereheservedassenioreditorof the UCLAAlaskaLawReview.Heservedasresearchassistantat the EnvironmentalOuall!yLaboralory.DR.KENNETHHEITNERtrainedas a navalarchitectandmarineengineerat the WebbInstituteofNavalArchitecture,graduatingin1964.Hereceived a Ph.D.degreeinappliedmechanicsfromCaltechin1969andthenjoined the InstituteEarthquakeEngineeringLabor-atoryuntil1970whenheentered the Departmentof the Navyfor a yearofunderwaterresearch.Dr.Heitnerjoined the EnvironmentalQualityLaboratoryinearly1971whereheisinvolvedinevaluatingairpollutioncontroltechniquesandinstudiesrelating to the energycrisisinCalifornia.JAMESHENRYbeganworkingonautomotiveemissioncontroltechnologyin1970asanundergraduatepartic-ipantin the cross-countryCleanAirCarRacejointlysponsoredbyMITandCaltech.Drawingon a back-grol.lndthatincludesbothformalengineeringtrainingatCaltechandpracticalautomechanicsinhighschool,hehasbeenable to bringtheoryandhardwaretogetherinhisworkas a full-timestaffmemberof the EQL-sponsoredCleanAirCarProject. The projecttestsandevaluatesautomotiveemissioncontroltechniques.170FigureZO200IMPROVEMENT ... on'/LF',,,B,wl~~~:'"'wO"I-'0'1(J1ROBERTFISHERis a graduateof the UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,LawSchoolwhereheservedassenioreditorof the UCLAAlaskaLawReview.Heservedasresearchassistantat the EnvironmentalOuall!yLaboralory.DR.KENNETHHEITNERtrainedas a navalarchitectandmarineengineerat the WebbInstituteofNavalArchitecture,graduatingin1964.Hereceived a Ph.D.degreeinappliedmechanicsfromCaltechin1969andthenjoined the InstituteEarthquakeEngineeringLabor-atoryuntil1970whenheentered the Departmentof the Navyfor a yearofunderwaterresearch.Dr.Heitnerjoined the EnvironmentalQualityLaboratoryinearly1971whereheisinvolvedinevaluatingairpollutioncontroltechniquesandinstudiesrelating to the energycrisisinCalifornia.JAMESHENRYbeganworkingonautomotiveemissioncontroltechnologyin1970asanundergraduatepartic-ipantin the cross-countryCleanAirCarRacejointlysponsoredbyMITandCaltech.Drawingon a back-grol.lndthatincludesbothformalengineeringtrainingatCaltechandpracticalautomechanicsinhighschool,hehasbeenable to bringtheoryandhardwaretogetherinhisworkas a full-timestaffmemberof the EQL-sponsoredCleanAirCarProject. The projecttestsandevaluatesautomotiveemissioncontroltechniques.170FigureZO200IMPROVEMENT...

... shouldbereduced to 25 days per year (an additional re-ductionof 50 % andanoverall reductionof90%).23 The Clean Air Act appears to give the Administratorof the EPAdiscretion-ary authority to approveanalternative ... Stateon the natureandamountsofemissions from such stationary sources; alsoauthority for the State to make suchdataavailable to the public as re-portedandas correlated with any applicable ... for the implementation, enforcement and maintenanceofnationalambient air quality standards promulgated by the Administratorof the EPA(Table2).These air quality standards mustbeattained...

... Administratorof the EPA(Table2).These air quality standards mustbeattained within three yearsof the dateofapprovalofsuch planorany revision thereof.13 The Administratorof the EPAmay, ... tech-nical measures to which a dollar value can be attached. That'sabout$100 a head for everyone in the SouthCoastAir Basin, or, lookedatanotherway,it's lessthan 35 milesof a ... diseases.6RecommendedAmbientAirQuality Standards Applicable to AllAirBasins, a report to the Califor-nia Air Resources Board by the Technical Advisory Committee, September, 1970.'StateofCalifornia, Environmental...

... California, for example, suchanapproachisapplicablenotonly to the SouthCoast Air Basin, but also to the SanDiegoCountyAir Basin, the Sac-ramento Valley Air Basin,and the SanFrancisco Bay ... L .A. "wemean the Downtown L .A Burbank-Pasadena Area.6Anaverageof the maximummid-day oxidant levels measuredat the APCDstations in these three locationswas utilized.Incomputing this average the datawas ... engineers,andgraduateandundergradu-ate students. Eachofushad to learnthat the social, cultural, legal, economicand technical factors interact stronglyandtherefore cannot be treated separ-ately.Inaddition to innumerable...