... site [32]. These studies indicated that the only
major source of cobalt-56, cobalt-60, manganese-54, sodium-22, and tung-
sten- 181 near the study site was the waste lagoon. Because the bees were
only ... taking up the contaminants
directly from the lagoon water; and therefore, the redistribution of conta-
minants to the plants in the area was somewhat limited.
The lev...
... C
4
H
8
O
2
88 x 51 3 -8 6-0
4,4-Dimethyl-2-oxetanone C
5
H
8
O
2
100 x 182 3-5 2-5
3-Methyl-2-butanone C
5
H
10
O 86 x 56 3 -8 0-4
2-Pentanone C
5
H
10
O 86 x 10 7 -8 7-9
2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy- C
6
H
8
O
4
144 ... CAS no.
3-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol C
5
H
10
O 86 x 1047 3-1 4-0
2-Methyl-1-butanol C
5
H
12
O 88 x 13 7-3 2-6
3-Methyl-1-butanol C
5
H
12
O 88...
... into one of the following categories:
high-, medium-, and low-risk products. Each stage of the procedure leads
to either an assessment of the risk (and therefore classification in one of
the risk ... remain,
particularly in relation to the reliability of the tests requested and their
feasibility. The assessment of the effects of plant protection products is
based...
... to testing), the motivation of the bees to get food would
not overpass the fifth trial, the level of the CR then starting to decrease.
Most often the level of CR reaches a maximum by the third trial. ... response as a measure of the sub-
lethal effects of chemicals on honey bees can be a reliable indicator of the
hazards associated with the exposure to suble...
... channel. Imidacloprid (IMI) {1–[(6-chloro- 3-
pyridinyl)methyl ]-4 ,5-dihydro-N-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-amine} is one of
these new molecules (Figure 6.1). According to the literature, IMI in
insects acts ... acetylcholine-induced currents [2, 4].
Finally, the dual effect of IMI can be explained by the presence in the
central nervous system of the honey bee of two types o...
... meadow/honeydew
1 988 113.0Ϯ 21.9 112 .8 1.3 honeydew
1 988 95 .8 14.1 24.7Ϯ 0.5 honeydew
1 987 161.3Ϯ 14.1 10.5Ϯ 0.3 honeydew/meadow
1 987 109.7Ϯ 18. 6 180 .1Ϯ1.5 heather (Calluna vulgaris)
1 987 135.0Ϯ ... segments. The concentrations or activities of the major-
ity of the elements studied were lower in the 1-year-old branch segments
compared to the branch tops. In the case...
... 1996 of
lepidopteran-insect-resistant cotton in the USA [7].
The expression of an insecticidal protein in plants presents many advan-
tages over the exogenous application of chemicals. The “toxin,” ... 9C), and the promoter associ-
ated with the coding sequence (which affects the quantity and location of
the Cry protein). In 1999, 30 percent of the cultivated area...
... conclusion, there are two possibilities to avoid risk for honey bees:
the nonexpression of the toxin in the tissues bees feed on, or the innocu-
ousness of the toxin for bees. The risk assessment of the ... investigated such as
the location of the bee on the plant (flowers or green parts, rank from the
top of the flower visited on the plant), or the typ...
... and often indirect that they do not belong in the same class
as truly ‘dirty’ projects.
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0
1
2
3
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5
6
7
1 980 1 981 1 982 1 983 1 984 1 985 1 986 1 987 1 988 1 989 ... during the 1 980 s and 1990s,
from $5 .8 billion in the first five years of the 1 980 s to $27.4 billion in the
latter half of the 1990s. Meanwhile, funding for aid projects...