Niche Modeling: Predictions From Statistical Distributions - Chapter 10 ppt

... 0.93 10. 1.1 Hurst ExponentAll natural series long term persistent, including temperature and precip-itation all have high values of H as shown in Table 10. 1. Figure 10. 4 belowis a log-log ... our assump-tions.© 2007 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLCLong term persistence 1651 2 5 10 200.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10. 0 50.0log.klog.sdARwalkssspreciptempFIGURE 10. 6: Log-log plot ... LLC Chapter 10 Long term persistenceBelow is an investigation of scaling or long term persistence (LTP) in timeseries including temperature, precipitation and tree-ring proxies. The recog-nition,...

... isolated from each other.4.3.5 RelationshipsThere is a particular type of relationship between N and B. Every specieswith a non-empty range should produce a non-empty niche in the environmen-tal ... distribution.So the more general approach to niche modeling, an extension of the Hutchin-sonian niche, is the statistical idea of the probability distribution. Here the niche model is a probability distribution ... therewas - the subject of the following chapter. The goal of a data mining approach to niche modeling is for minimal as-sumptions to be made about the type of variables and the form of the prob-ability...

... daylight < ;- function(x) -cos(pi * x/6)> daylight(1:12)[1] -8 .660254e-01 -5 .000000e-01 -6 .123234e-17 5.000000e-01[5] 8.660254e-01 1.000000e+00 8.660254e-01 5.000000e-01[9] 1.836970e-16 -5 .000000e-01 ... 1.2085126 1.4399613 -0 .6782351 -0 .2068214[2,] -0 .4676946 -0 .6252734 0.8457706 -0 .5456283[3,] -0 .1882097 1.0402726 -0 .2805549 0.8075877[4,] 0.4239560 0.9996605 -0 .5231428 -0 .2089011Table1.2 ... c(2, 1))> walk < ;- ts(cumsum(rnorm (100 0)))> plot(walk, type = "l")> acf(walk, lag.max = 100 )Timewalk0 200 400 600 800 100 0 10 100 20 40 60 80 100 0.0 0.4 0.8LagACFSeries...

... 192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2−0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6lag 1iid123456789 10 1112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 −0.6 ... 1iid123456789 10 1112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6lag 1CRU30123456789 10 1112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 −0.2 ... 1CRU30123456789 10 1112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 −0.2 −0.1 0.0 0.1−0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2lag 1ar1.67123456789 10 1112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 −0.5...

... 2007 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Chapter 9Non-linearityIn mathematics, non-linear systems are, obviously, not linear. Linear sys-tem and some non-linear systems are easily solvable as ... the prox-ies.We now examine the consequences of reconstructing temperatures from non-linear responses calibrated by four different regions of the response curve(mo dels R 1-4 ). The left-hand boxes ... idealized tree-ring record, with alinear calibration mo del (C) and the reconstruction resulting from back ex-trapolation. Due to the fit of model to an increasing proxy, smaller rings indi-cate cooler...

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... Ties8.9 One-Sample Chi-Square Test8 .10 Two-Sample F-Test8.11 Siegel–Tukey Test for Scale8.12 Problems Chapter 9 Detection of Change in Distribution9.1 Introduction9.2 Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit ... Standardized Model 10. 4.4 Intercorrelation 10. 4.5 Stepwise Regression Analysis 10. 4.6 Numerical Optimization 10. 4.7 Subjective Optimization 10. 5 Model Verification 10. 5.1 Split-Sample Testing 10. 5.2 Jackknife ... Types of Parameters 10. 3.2 Alternative Model Forms 10. 3.3 Composite Models 10. 4 Model Calibration 10. 4.1 Least-Squares Analysis of a Linear Model 10. 4.2 Standardized Model 10. 4.3 Matrix Solution...

... 131, 122,151, 125, 109 , 109 , 109 }. 2-2 6 How might the distance between a rain gage and a streamflow gage affectthe characteristics of a cross-correlogram? 2-2 7 Compute the cross-correlogram for ... and 9. Whereas the actual series Y(t) varies from 10 to 30, the smoothed seriesvary from 10. 89 to 29.11, from 12.54 to 27.46, from 14.67 to 25.33, and from 16.96to 23.03, respectively. As the ... variable.The lag-2 correlation, while less than the lag-1 correlation, is also significant.The closeness of the lag-2 correlation to the lag-1 correlation and the gradualdecrease of the lag-3, lag-4, and...

... one-tailed upper, one-tailed lower, and two-tailed hypotheses related to the hydrologic effects of afforestation. 3-1 2 Develop one-tailed upper, one-tailed lower, and two-tailed hypotheses related ... exact.3.5 PROBLEMS 3-1 What are the characteristics of a null hypothesis and an alternative hypoth-esis? 3-2 Why is it necessary to state the null hypothesis as a finding of no signif-icant difference ... reviewed? 3-1 0 Distinguish between the sampling distribution of the random variable and the sampling distribution of the test statistic in the various steps of a hypothesis test. 3-1 1 Develop one-tailed...

... the base -1 0 logarithms of 0.36and 0.15, respectively, find the 1 0-, 5 0-, and 100 -year magnitudes assum-ing a lognormal distribution. 5-1 7 Given a mean and standard deviation of the base -1 0 logarithms ... ft3/sec, respec-tively, find the 2-, 1 0-, and 100 -year peak floods for a normal distribution. 5-2 Given a mean and standard deviation of 100 0 and 600 ft3/sec, respectively,find the 5- and 25-year peak ... log 10 Q = + KSy; (4), Q = 10* *log 10 Q; (5), log 10 Qa = + KSya; (6), Qa = 10* *log 10 Qa.YYaL1600_Frame_C05 Page 107 Friday, September 20, 2002 10: 12 AM© 2003 by CRC Press LLC 5-6 ...