Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 3 pot
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 3 pot
... causes the end-diastolic pressure-
volume curve to shift up and to the left, as shown in Figure 4-2 7. This shift will reduce
the end-diastolic volume and increase the end-diastolic pressure at the ... AT
1
recep-
tors), endothelin-I (via ET
A
receptors), and
acetylcholine (via M
3
receptors) activate phos-
pholipase C through the Gq-protein, causing
the formation of IP...
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 3 pdf
... causes the end-diastolic pressure-
volume curve to shift up and to the left, as shown in Figure 4-2 7. This shift will reduce
the end-diastolic volume and increase the end-diastolic pressure at the ... of the ventricles.
Ejection occurs because the total energy of
the blood within the ventricle exceeds the to-
tal energy of blood within the aorta. The total
ene...
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 5 pot
... reflex.
Mechano-
receptor
Mechano-
receptor
Mechano-
receptor
Chemo-
receptor
Chemo-
receptor
Chemo-
receptor
2
Chemo-
receptor
Chemo-
receptor
Nociceptor
Nociceptor
Various
Proprio-
ceptor
Proprio-
ceptor,
Chemo-
receptor
Thermo-
receptor
Thermo-
receptor
Internal
Carotids ... baroreceptors) enter the medulla at the nucleus trac-
tus solitarius (NTS), which projects inhibitory interneuron...
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 7 pot
... muscle, the muscle cells adjacent to
the capillary take up the oxygen for use by the
mitochondria. Consequently, little oxygen dif-
fuses all the way through one cell to reach an-
other. Therefore, ... only 25 35 mm Hg, which cor-
responds to a 30 % to 60% loss of oxygen con-
tent of the blood. Therefore, substantial
amounts of oxygen diffuse out of the blood be-
fore...
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 8 pot
... required to switch over to anaerobic gly-
colysis for the production of ATP. Acidosis
stimulates peripheral and central chemore-
ceptors, leading to increased sympathetic ac-
tivity to the systemic ... shock.
The following discussion specifically ad-
dresses compensatory mechanisms in hy-
potension caused by hemorrhage-induced hy-
povolemia.
The baroreceptor reflex is the firs...
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 10 pot
... Supplemental 6 /3/ 04 6 :31 PM Page 11
afterload (particularly aortic diastolic pres-
sure) enables the end-systolic volume to de-
crease slightly, but not enough to overcome
the decline in end-diastolic ... be-
cause of the large stroke volume ejected into
the aorta. As long as the ventricle is not in fail-
ure, normal end-systolic volumes can be sus-
tained; however, the end...
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 9 pot
... PHYSIOLOGICAL
ACTIONS OF ENDOTHELIN-1
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is synthesized from an
endothelin precursor (big ET-1 or pro-ET-1)
and cleaved to ET-1 by endothelin convert-
ing enzyme (ECE) found on the endothelial
cell ... are the same in the pre- and post-
stenotic segments). Therefore, KE is the same
in the post- and pre-stenotic segments. There is,
however, an additional loss of PE...
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 1 doc
... gradient, to enter the cell.
As the m-gates open, the h-gates begin to
close; however, the m-gates open more rapidly
than the h-gates close. The difference in the
opening and closing rates of the two ... (°K).
The equilibrium potential is the potential dif-
ference across the membrane required to
maintain the concentration gradient across
the membrane. In other...
Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 2 pdf
... filament.
Ch 03_ 04 1-0 58_Klabunde 4/21/04 10:57 AM Page 43
wave of the QRS). About 20 milliseconds
later, the mean electrical vector points down-
ward toward the apex (vector 2), and heads to-
ward the ... and
calcium, across the cell membrane and by
the relative conductances of the membrane
to these ions.
• The resting membrane potential is very
close to the potas...