Introduction to the Cardiovascular System - part 3 pot

... causes the end-diastolic pressure- volume curve to shift up and to the left, as shown in Figure 4-2 7. This shift will reduce the end-diastolic volume and increase the end-diastolic pressure at the ... AT 1 recep- tors), endothelin-I (via ET A receptors), and acetylcholine (via M 3 receptors) activate phos- pholipase C through the Gq-protein, causing the formation of IP...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... causes the end-diastolic pressure- volume curve to shift up and to the left, as shown in Figure 4-2 7. This shift will reduce the end-diastolic volume and increase the end-diastolic pressure at the ... of the ventricles. Ejection occurs because the total energy of the blood within the ventricle exceeds the to- tal energy of blood within the aorta. The total ene...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... reflex. Mechano- receptor Mechano- receptor Mechano- receptor Chemo- receptor Chemo- receptor Chemo- receptor 2 Chemo- receptor Chemo- receptor Nociceptor Nociceptor Various Proprio- ceptor Proprio- ceptor, Chemo- receptor Thermo- receptor Thermo- receptor Internal Carotids ... baroreceptors) enter the medulla at the nucleus trac- tus solitarius (NTS), which projects inhibitory interneuron...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... muscle, the muscle cells adjacent to the capillary take up the oxygen for use by the mitochondria. Consequently, little oxygen dif- fuses all the way through one cell to reach an- other. Therefore, ... only 25 35 mm Hg, which cor- responds to a 30 % to 60% loss of oxygen con- tent of the blood. Therefore, substantial amounts of oxygen diffuse out of the blood be- fore...

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... required to switch over to anaerobic gly- colysis for the production of ATP. Acidosis stimulates peripheral and central chemore- ceptors, leading to increased sympathetic ac- tivity to the systemic ... shock. The following discussion specifically ad- dresses compensatory mechanisms in hy- potension caused by hemorrhage-induced hy- povolemia. The baroreceptor reflex is the firs...

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... Supplemental 6 /3/ 04 6 :31 PM Page 11 afterload (particularly aortic diastolic pres- sure) enables the end-systolic volume to de- crease slightly, but not enough to overcome the decline in end-diastolic ... be- cause of the large stroke volume ejected into the aorta. As long as the ventricle is not in fail- ure, normal end-systolic volumes can be sus- tained; however, the end...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF ENDOTHELIN-1 Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is synthesized from an endothelin precursor (big ET-1 or pro-ET-1) and cleaved to ET-1 by endothelin convert- ing enzyme (ECE) found on the endothelial cell ... are the same in the pre- and post- stenotic segments). Therefore, KE is the same in the post- and pre-stenotic segments. There is, however, an additional loss of PE...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:22

... gradient, to enter the cell. As the m-gates open, the h-gates begin to close; however, the m-gates open more rapidly than the h-gates close. The difference in the opening and closing rates of the two ... (°K). The equilibrium potential is the potential dif- ference across the membrane required to maintain the concentration gradient across the membrane. In other...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20

... filament. Ch 03_ 04 1-0 58_Klabunde 4/21/04 10:57 AM Page 43 wave of the QRS). About 20 milliseconds later, the mean electrical vector points down- ward toward the apex (vector 2), and heads to- ward the ... and calcium, across the cell membrane and by the relative conductances of the membrane to these ions. • The resting membrane potential is very close to the potas...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 00:20