... detected in the syn-ovial lining cells by in situ hybridization in our study. Anotherexplanation is the difference of types of RA. The distribution of IL-32 expression in synovial tissues may be ... proinflammatory cytokine related to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as RA and IBDs[5,6,11]. The precise mechanism of TNFα induction in the inflammatory diseases, however, is still ... synovium and the intestinal epithelium. In thisway, IL-32 has a close relationship with the proinflammatorycytokines, especially TNFα, and this relationship may be one of the main mechanisms by which...