Control Engineering - A guide for beginners - Chapter 4 pps

... time, for mathematical analysis, the area of the control error is also used as a measure of control quality (see Fig. 46 ). Linear control area (linear optimum): [A] min = A 1 - A 2 + A 3 Magnitude ... feasible and because of its clear mathematical analysis. Fig. 46 shows that for a step change disturbance, the overshoot amplitude X o and the stabilization tim...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 15:20

... T g Temperature small electrically-heated oven large electrically-heated furnace large gas-fired reheating furnace autoclave high-pressure autoclave injection molding machine extruder packaging machine ... of a change in manipu- lating variable is only reproduced in the process variable after the dead time has elapsed. If the change in manipulating variable was too large, there is a time...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 15:20

... the manipulating variable MV. There are a number of ways to carry out this task: me- chanical, pneumatic, electrical, mathematical. The mechanical controller, for example, alters a sig- nal through ... the controller. This can be in the form of a digital dis- play (numerical indication), which has the advantage of being readable from a longer distance. The advantage of the analog di...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 15:20

... manipulating variable slowly increased by hand, allowing adequate time after the change for the end temperature to be reached. A certain value of manipulating variable will be de- termined, for ... Continuous controllers 50 JUMO, FAS 525, Edition 02. 04 takes up a value such that the resulting manipulating variable is just sufficient to maintain the pro- cess variable at a constant...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 15:20

... variable on the regulating valve. The actuating controller operates the ac- tuator via two switching outputs, and receives an actuator retransmission signal (usually a stan- dard signal 0 /4 ... variable (y R ) of the continuous controller. A modulating controller does not receive an actuator retransmission signal and must always assu- me a linear actuator action. If the actuator ha...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 15:20

... transfer from automatic to manual mode, where the manipulating variable remains at its current value, and can then be changed manually. In case of a broken probe, caused, for example, by a cable fault ... invaluable for trials and test runs, when the manipulating variable has to be operated in manual mode, i.e. without automatic control. They can be integrated in the controller or a...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 15:20

... such as temperature, pressure or voltage has to take up a specified value, and maintain it as accurately as possible. A simple example is a furnace whose temperature has to be maintained constant. ... output variables. 1.9 Main areas of control engineering Today, control engineering has applications in almost every area of technology. In Chapter 1.1 we have already seen that t...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 00:14

... what variety of apple you want to grow on the tree. The Magnum Bonum is a great favorite as a fall apple. The Winesap is a good winter apple, while the Red Astrachan is a profitable early apple, ... year later the shoot branches and the top begins to form; and in the fall of the following year the tree may be sold as a two-year-old, although most persons prefer to buy it a year la...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 05:20

... with a Gmail account. To create a Gmail address, go to http://mail.google.com. Gmail and Other Email If you like, Gmail can check other email addresses, and it can also forward email to another address. ... looks. The advantage of creating a website manually is the degree of customization you can have, and the disadvantage is the amount of work it can take to create and maintain, and th...

Ngày tải lên: 29/05/2014, 15:45

... and retrain people mean the need to teach and learn at a distance will escalate. Some of the main benefits of online learn- ing (a form of distance learning) are flexibility (people can learn at ... country and requiring learners to sit in a classroom for a set number of hours. • Improved control and standardization. In today’s interna- tional business climate, many organizations hav...

Ngày tải lên: 03/06/2014, 02:04