... 1.2. Testing writing In this section, to understand what testing writing is, it is crucial to discuss the writing types, criteria to test writing accurately and problems in testing writing. ... testing writing Many problems may occur in testing writing; however, Hughes (1989:75) represents the main considerations in testing writing which can be also seen as the main problems in testing ... thesis, consisting of three main issues: language testing (definitions, approaches, roles, purposes and relationships between testing and teaching- learning); testing writing (types of writing, criteria...