Sound Patterns of Spoken English phần 3 pot

... through and (3) reduction of closure, as mentioned above. 2.4 .3 CVCV alternation Reduction shrinks consonant clusters: some phonological processes of English reduce the adjacency of vowels, hence ... loss of the habit of making the closure for the Processes in Conversational English 35 the word of as [vv] or even [wv], it is typically reduced to [v] when followed by a conso...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... recognition of spoken words with variable representa- tions. In D. Duez (ed.), Sound Patterns of Spontaneous Speech. La Baume les Aix, 83 92. 130 Bibliography Cutler, A. and Norris, D. (1988) The role of ... of competence. Language, 50, 33 3–55. Cohn, A. (19 93) Nasalisation in English: phonology or phonetics. Pho- nology, 10, 43 81. Cole, R. and Jakimik. J. (1978) A model o...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... 2.1) interpretation of 83 language-specific 3 4, 13 in mother–child interaction 118 perceptual consequences of 13 processes in English 19–48 rate of speech and 11– 13, 17 in scripted speech (read or memorized) 73 4 reference ... 27, 30 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 39 , 44, 63 4, 81, 87, 98–100 Stockport 20, 44 storage, skilled 105 strates 51–2 stress, as a conditioning factor 18, 20 32 ,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... resemble the book at all’, gated in stages of approxi- mately 50 msec. (a total of 33 stimuli), was presented to 16 non- native speakers of English. A reminder of the phonetic transcription follows: [ÎvcskflHmply}d} d Úfl}z*mb<ÎvcbäkvtcÑÕ] All ... the direction of simplicity, naturalness, or unmarkedness. Bailey (1972: 36 ) says, ‘the patterns of a language are the cumulativ...

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... achieved by a little bit of each of these, a moderate amount of any two of these, or a lot of one. Massaro’s model allows for tradeoffs of this sort as well as tradeoffs involving different sensory ... artefact of the inter- ruption of word-final coarticulation. Approximately 35 per cent of them were identified not at the presentation of the next word, but later still. The...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... that a → b, we often find, phonetically, cases of a, b, and a rainbow of intermediate stages, some of which cannot be detected by ear. They suggest that accents of the same language can potentially ... alveolar obstruent and especially between two of them is essentially identical to the high central [÷], which brings it in the domain of hypothesis 3. Hypotheses 2–4 were supported...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... way to a probabilistic view of constraint inter- action.’ Boersma claims (p. 33 0) that the flexibility offered by such a grammar can shed light on the acquisition of phonology by children and ... the notion of preferred versus unpreferred ranking allows us the possi- bility of predicting which of the two outputs will be more frequent. This is a major improvement over the optional r...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... probabilities of application of a particular rule are a feature of an accent group rather than an individual. The relationship between the language behaviour of a community and the mental grammar of an ... of language, like acquisition of other skills, is a process of suppressing some of the behaviour which is present in all normal humans. For example, young babies can and d...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... World Englishes and (2) Wells’ Accents of English (1982) runs to three volumes. There are hundreds of varieties which can legitimately 20 Processes in Conversational English be called English, ... Re- calling the sound of Indian, Caribbean, Singaporean and African English, it is easy to convince oneself that while many people from these areas are native speakers of English, t...

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22

... for obstruents 27 2 .3. 3 Tapping 29 2 .3. 4 Devoicing and voicing 30 2.4 Syllabic Conditioning Factors 32 2.4.1 Syllable shape 32 2.4.2 Onsets and codas 33 2.4 .3 CVCV alternation 34 2.4.4 Syllable-final ... 48 3 Attempts at Phonological Explanation 49 3. 1 Past Work on Conversational Phonology 49 3. 2 Natural Phonology 52 3. 3 Variable Rules 53 3.4 More on Rule Order 54 3....

Ngày tải lên: 24/07/2014, 12:22