... input signals that incorporatesexcitatory and inhibitory driving input specifies the on- and off-subfields of a model cell. In addition to this,Carandini and coworkers found evidence for characteristicnonlinearities ... the membrane constant, gex and gindenote time-varying and input dependent membrane con-ductances (separate for excitatory and inhibitory synapses,resp.), and Eex and Eindenote saturation ... S. Livingstone, K. R. Duffy,andR.T.Born,“End-stopping and the aperture problem: two-dimensionalmotion signals in macaque V1,” Neuron,vol.39,no.4,pp.671–680, 2003.[49] K. J. Friston and C. B¨uchel,...