requirements engineering for sociotechnical systems

... process describes requirements engineering for sociotechnical systems, wheresoftware requirements engineering is a part of the process. Traditionally requirements engineering is performed in the ... Non-Functional Requirements for Sociotechnical Systems 284Daniel Kerkow, Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering, GermanyJörg Dörr, Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering, ... better understandingand allow for requirements reuse (Weber & Weisbrod, 2003). iii Requirements Engineering for Sociotechnical Systems Table of ContentsForeword viiBashar Nuseibeh, The...

... engineering in science and engineering in agriculture & food systems agriculture & food systems --Educating the public and future Educating the public and future workforceworkforce--Budgetary ... detection--Nanodevices for identity preservation & Nanodevices for identity preservation & trackingtracking--Nanodevices for smart treatment delivery Nanodevices for smart treatment delivery systems systems--Smart ... systems systems--Smart systems integration: sensing, Smart systems integration: sensing, localization, reporting & controllocalization, reporting & control--Nanodevices for molecular...

... system requirements Requirementsdocument©Ian Sommerville 2004 Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 7 Slide 6 Requirements engineering Requirements specification Requirements validation Requirements elicitationSystem ... techniques for requirements elicitation and analysis To describe requirements validation and therole of requirements reviews To discuss the role of requirements management in support of other requirements ... Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 7 Slide 45 Requirements management planning During the requirements engineering process, youhave to plan:• Requirements identification• How requirements...

... 22 Fig 2.10: The waveform of ( )kGw 24 Fig 2.11: Equivalent transmitter for OFDM systems 25 Fig 2.12: Equivalent receiver for OFDM systems. 25 Fig 2.13: CP for an OFDM symbol 26 Fig ... receiver for continuous OFDM systems. (c) The frequency division for OFDM systems. Fig 2.9: The continuous OFDM system model. As shown in Fig 2.9(a), the transmitted signal xi(t) for OFDM systems ... of thesis entitled “A Study of Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems and System Capacity for MIMO-OFDM Systems Submitted by Zhou Wen For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the university...

... Support servicesUseful if you don't have your own support resourcesLong term support commitment, even for versions considered as obsolete by the community, but not by your users!44Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Commercial toolsetsCaution: commercial doesn't mean proprietary!Vendors play fair with the GPL and do make their source code available to their users, and most of the time, to the community.As long as they distribute the sources to their users, the GPL doesn't require vendors to share their sources with any third party.No issue with all the GPL sources developed by or with the community.Graphical toolkits developed by the vendors look proprietary. Their licenses are not advertised on their websites! You have to be a customer to know or get a free preview kit to know.35Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationVarious tools34Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Emulators ­ SummarySystem emulatorsUseful to experiment with a full system, including the kernelqemu: x86, x86_64, arm, sparc, ppc, mipsSkyEye: several arm architecturesUser emulatorsUseful to run or debug user space binaries for other CPUsqemu: x86, arm, sparc, ppc, mips20Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (2)ColdfireCode Sourcery (supports ELF, GNU/Linux and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/coldfirePowerPCCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux and EABI)http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/power.html49Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Sysgo ­ Koan Softwarehttp://sysgo.comELinOS development toolset,in particular based on Eclipseand the Linux Trace Toolkit.Includes FreeToolBox, a freely downloadable compiling and rootfs creating toolchain.Supports i386, arm and ppc.Hard real­time support with their own microkernel (PikeOS),an approach similar to RTAI.http://koansoftware.comMakers of KaeilOS(http://koansoftware.com/kaeilos/), a GPL embedded Linux distribution for industrial applications.KaeilOS supports i386 and popular arm platforms. Other platforms supported upon request.Includes several graphical toolkits and supports hard real­time (RTAI, Xenomai, preemption patches).Unfortunately, KaeilOS is GPL but not available for public download.16Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Standalone toolchain buildBuilding a cross­compiling toolchain by yourself is a difficult and painful task! Can take days or weeks!Lots of details to learn. Several components to build(building gcc twice: once for gcc + once for compilers that need the C library).Lots of decisions to make(such as C library version and configuration for your platform)Need kernel headers and C library sourcesNeed to be familiar with current gcc issues and patches on your platformUseful to be familiar with building and configuring toolshttp://www.aleph1.co.uk/armlinux/docs/toolchain/toolchHOWTO.pdfcan show you how fun it can be!21Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchain building utilitiesBuildroot: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/Dedicated Makefile to build uClibc based toolchainsand even entire root filesystems.Downloads sources and applies patches.Crosstool:  http://www.kegel.com/crosstool/Dedicated script to build glibc based toolchainsDoesn’t support uClibc yet.Downloads sources and applies patches.26Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchains ­ useful resourceseLinux.org toolchain page:http://elinux.org/Tool_Chains29Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationEmulators8Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008glibchttp://www.gnu.org/software/libc/License: LGPLC library from the GNU projectDesigned for performance, standards compliance and portabilityFound on all GNU / Linux host systems Quite big for small embedded systems:  about 1.7 MB on Familiar Linux iPAQs (libc: 1.2 MB, libm: 500 KB)36Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008chrootAvailable in all GNU/Linux distributionsUsage:chroot <dir> [command]Runs a command or an interactive shellwith a special root directory.Standard usage: Internet serversServices executed in chroot jails: even when compromised,the service cannot gain access to the rest of the system.Usage for embedded system development:Develop and test a new root filesystem on the development host.Very easy to use when the host and target have the same CPU instruction set.Used by LFS (Linux From Scratch).Also used by Scratchbox: Qemu makes the usage of target binaries transparent./binlibetchttp/libetcbinchrootjail ... ) and can boot several operating systems (Linux, uClinux, and others)Softgun: http://softgun.sourceforge.netVirtual ARM system with many virtual on­board peripherals. Boots Linux.SWARM ­ Software ARM ­ arm7 emulatorhttp://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mwd24/phd/swarm.htmlCan run uClinux13Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008klibchttp://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc/“Kernel C library”Tiny and minimalistic C library designed for use in an initramfs at boot time (alternative to initrds).Fine for the creation of simple shell scripts.Ships with small executables for use in shells, built with klibc,and a klcc compiler to compile your own applications.Not elaborate enough to support BusyBox applications.Useful details in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klibc19Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (1)ARMCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux, EABI and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/arm/Also available for Windows workstations.MIPShttp://www.linux­mips.org/wiki/Toolchains (useful links)6Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Training contents (3)AnnexesAutomatic system generation with BitBake / OpenEmbedded33Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Other emulatorsColdFire emulatorhttp://www.slicer.ca/coldfire/Can boot uClinux37Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Minicom (1)Definition: serial communication programAvailable in all GNU / Linux distributionsCapabilities (all through a serial link):Serial console to a remote Unix systemFile transferModem control and dial­upSerial port configuration50Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Denx Software Engineering http://denx.deCreated by Wolfgang Denk,the author of the U­Boot bootloader.Create and support the Embedded Linux Development Kit (ELDK),a complete and well documented development environment.This kit is not only Free Software,it can be downloaded freely by anyone.A great community member and contributor!15Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationCross­compiling toolchains9Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008uClibchttp://www.uclibc.org/ from CodePoet ConsultingLicense: LGPLLightweight C library for small embedded systems,  with most features though.The whole Debian Woody was ported to it ... Support servicesUseful if you don't have your own support resourcesLong term support commitment, even for versions considered as obsolete by the community, but not by your users!44Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Commercial toolsetsCaution: commercial doesn't mean proprietary!Vendors play fair with the GPL and do make their source code available to their users, and most of the time, to the community.As long as they distribute the sources to their users, the GPL doesn't require vendors to share their sources with any third party.No issue with all the GPL sources developed by or with the community.Graphical toolkits developed by the vendors look proprietary. Their licenses are not advertised on their websites! You have to be a customer to know or get a free preview kit to know.35Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationVarious tools34Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Emulators ­ SummarySystem emulatorsUseful to experiment with a full system, including the kernelqemu: x86, x86_64, arm, sparc, ppc, mipsSkyEye: several arm architecturesUser emulatorsUseful to run or debug user space binaries for other CPUsqemu: x86, arm, sparc, ppc, mips20Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (2)ColdfireCode Sourcery (supports ELF, GNU/Linux and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/coldfirePowerPCCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux and EABI)http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/power.html49Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Sysgo ­ Koan Softwarehttp://sysgo.comELinOS development toolset,in particular based on Eclipseand the Linux Trace Toolkit.Includes FreeToolBox, a freely downloadable compiling and rootfs creating toolchain.Supports i386, arm and ppc.Hard real­time support with their own microkernel (PikeOS),an approach similar to RTAI.http://koansoftware.comMakers of KaeilOS(http://koansoftware.com/kaeilos/), a GPL embedded Linux distribution for industrial applications.KaeilOS supports i386 and popular arm platforms. Other platforms supported upon request.Includes several graphical toolkits and supports hard real­time (RTAI, Xenomai, preemption patches).Unfortunately, KaeilOS is GPL but not available for public download.16Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Standalone toolchain buildBuilding a cross­compiling toolchain by yourself is a difficult and painful task! Can take days or weeks!Lots of details to learn. Several components to build(building gcc twice: once for gcc + once for compilers that need the C library).Lots of decisions to make(such as C library version and configuration for your platform)Need kernel headers and C library sourcesNeed to be familiar with current gcc issues and patches on your platformUseful to be familiar with building and configuring toolshttp://www.aleph1.co.uk/armlinux/docs/toolchain/toolchHOWTO.pdfcan show you how fun it can be!21Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchain building utilitiesBuildroot: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/Dedicated Makefile to build uClibc based toolchainsand even entire root filesystems.Downloads sources and applies patches.Crosstool:  http://www.kegel.com/crosstool/Dedicated script to build glibc based toolchainsDoesn’t support uClibc yet.Downloads sources and applies patches.26Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchains ­ useful resourceseLinux.org toolchain page:http://elinux.org/Tool_Chains29Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008Free Software tools for embedded systems GNU / Linux workstationEmulators8Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008glibchttp://www.gnu.org/software/libc/License: LGPLC library from the GNU projectDesigned for performance, standards compliance and portabilityFound on all GNU / Linux host systems Quite big for small embedded systems:  about 1.7 MB on Familiar Linux iPAQs (libc: 1.2 MB, libm: 500 KB)36Free Software tools for embedded systems © Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp://free­electrons.comJan 24, 2008chrootAvailable in all GNU/Linux distributionsUsage:chroot <dir> [command]Runs a command or an interactive shellwith a special root directory.Standard usage: Internet serversServices executed in chroot jails: even when compromised,the service cannot gain access to the rest of the system.Usage for embedded system development:Develop and test a new root filesystem on the development host.Very easy to use when the host and target have the same CPU instruction set.Used by LFS (Linux From Scratch).Also used by Scratchbox: Qemu makes the usage of target binaries transparent./binlibetchttp/libetcbinchrootjail...

... of any information herein and is not responsible for any errors or omissions. The publisher assumes no liability for damages resulting from the use of the information in this book or for any ... in Embedded Systems 2Outline of the Book 3Typographical Conventions 3Updates and Supplementary Information 4Chapter 2 Problem Specification5Product Requirements 5Hardware Engineering ... page) Engineering Factors EstimateInterfaces • one multi-bit port for switching HVAC: probably only 3 pins necessary • one multi-bit I/O interface for display • one multi-bit I/O interface for...

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