Chapter 047 Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 4) potx

... Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 4) Table 47-2 Causes of Hypocalcemia Low Parathyroid Hormone Levels (Hypoparathyroidism)

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... mutations, which impair extracellular calcium sensing by the parathyroid glands and the kidneys, resulting in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Although PTH secretion by tumors is extremely ... homology with PTH in the first 13 amino acids and binds the PTH receptor, thus mimicking effects of PTH on bone and the kidney. In PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia of malignancy, P...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... value of 4.1 g/dL for albumin, and conversely for elevations in serum albumin. Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 2) Table 47-1 Causes of Hypercalcemia Excessive PTH production ... anorexia, constipation, or pancreatitis). Hypercalcemia decreases renal concentrating ability, which may cause polyuria and polydipsia. With long-standing hyperparathyr...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... associated with Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 3) A detailed history may provide important clues regarding the etiology of the hypercalcemia (Table 47-1). Chronic hypercalcemia ... as ketoconazole, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine, may also decrease 1,25(OH) 2 D production and are used occasionally. HYPOCALCEMIA Etiology The causes of hypo...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 047. Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia (Part 5) Vitamin D deficiency, impaired 1,25(OH) 2 D production (primarily ... deposition of calcium, and impaired PTH secretion. Clinical Manifestations Patients with hypocalcemia may be asymptomatic if the decreases in serum calcium are relatively mild and chronic, or they ... life-threatening complications. Moderate to s...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 017. Fever and Hyperthermia (Part 4) Chronology of events required for the induction of fever. AMP, adenosine ... 5'-monophosphate; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; PGE 2 , prostaglandin E 2 ; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.There are four receptors for PGE 2 , and each signals the cell in different ways. Of the four ... with an instrument sensitive to the identific...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 12:20

... Chapter 059. Bleeding and Thrombosis (Part 4) Approach to the Patient: Bleeding and Thrombosis Clinical Presentation Disorders of hemostasis ... inherited or acquired. A detailed personal and family history is key in determining the chronicity of symptoms and the likelihood of the disorder being inherited and it provides clues to underlying ... clues as to the etiolog...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... constancy of S and V, S and p, T and V, and T and p, when using the differentials dU, dH, dA, and dG, respectively. In most cases the conditions of constant T and V or constant T and p are most ... Helmholtz energy AUTS   (13) and the Gibbs energy G U pV TS H TS A pV   ( 14) Since U is a function of state, and p, V, T, and S are state variables, H, A, a...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 08:20

... micro- and nano-fabrication, advanced integrated electronics, flexible circuitry and electronics, innovative power generation and optimal power consumption, artificial intelligence and creative ... acquisition, and maintenance costs. This document introduces the subject of health monitoring and management and its associated terminology. It also introduces the role of nature...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 10:20

... Aeronautics and Astronautics 110 Matsuzaki et al. (2002) and Sakai et al. (2007). The JAXA 750 kW segmented arc heater operates at a current between 300 and 700 A and a mass flow rate between 10 and ... pressure and total enthalpy are given, the configuration and operational conditions such as the size of the constrictor and the nozzle throat, and the range of the in...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 12:20