Chapter 046 Sodium and Water (Part 17) ppt
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 17) ppt
... excitability and is manifest as
weakness, which may progress to flaccid paralysis and hypoventilation if the
respiratory muscles are involved. Hyperkalemia also inhibits renal
ammoniagenesis and reabsorption ... hyperkalemia result in a prolonged PR interval and QRS duration,
atrioventricular conduction delay, and loss of P waves. Progressive widening of
the QRS complex and m...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 4) ppt
... 273). Another
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 4)
Extrarenal
Nonrenal causes of hypovolemia include fluid loss from the gastrointestinal
tract, skin, and respiratory system and third-space ... plasma volume and
hypotension. Hypotension is due to decreased venous return (preload) and
diminished cardiac output; it triggers baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 10) pptx
... with a low-Na
+
diet and thiazide diuretics, as described
above.
This induces mild volume depletion, which leads to enhanced proximal
reabsorption of salt and water and decreased delivery ... are to stop ongoing water loss by treating the
underlying cause and to correct the water deficit. The ECF volume should be
restored in hypovolemic patients. The quantity of water re...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 14) pptx
... volume
contraction, and juxtaglomerular apparatus hyperplasia. Finally, diuretic use and
abuse are common causes of K
+
depletion. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop
diuretics, and thiazides are ... above) is not uncommonly
seen in K
+
depletion and is manifest as polydipsia and polyuria. Glucose
intolerance may also occur with hypokalemia and has been attributed to either...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 16) pptx
... hypoaldosteronism is a syndrome characterized by
euvolemia or ECF volume expansion and suppressed renin and aldosterone levels
(Chaps. 336 and 338). This disorder is commonly seen in mild renal insufficiency, ... hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism.
NSAIDs inhibit renin secretion and the synthesis of vasodilatory renal
prostaglandins. The resultant decrease in GFR and K
+
secretion...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 2) potx
... disturbed water homeostasis,
whereas alterations in Na
+
content are manifest as ECF volume contraction or
expansion and imply abnormal Na
+
balance.
Sodium Intake
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water ... cortical and
collecting duct to water in the absence of AVP. Abnormalities of any of these
steps can result in impaired free water excretion, and eventual hyponatre...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 11) pdf
... Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 11)
Potassium: Introduction
Potassium Balance
Potassium is the major ... membrane potential and is
crucial for normal neuromuscular function. The basolateral Na
+
, K
+
-ATPase pump
actively transports K
+
in and Na
+
out of the cell in a 2:3 ratio, and the passive ... filtered K
+
is reabsorbed by the proximal
convoluted tubul...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 1) doc
... betaine, and glutamine.
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 1)
Harrison's Internal Medicine > Chapter 46. Fluid and Electrolyte
Disturbances > Sodium and Water
Sodium and Water: ... disparities in permeability and the presence of transporters and
active pumps. The major ECF particles are Na
+
and its accompanying anions Cl
–
and HCO
3
–...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 3) docx
... nephrogenic)
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 3)
Hypovolemia
Etiology
True volume depletion, or hypovolemia, generally refers to a state of
combined salt and water loss exceeding intake, ... Na
+
and water loss
1. Diuretics
2. Osmotic diuresis
3. Hypoaldosteronism
4. Salt-wasting nephropathies
C. Renal water loss
1. Diabetes insipidus (central or...
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 5) docx
... (secondary water gain)
1. Integumentary loss: sweating, burns
2. Gastrointestinal loss: vomiting, tube drainage,
fistula, obstruction, diarrhea
Chapter 046. Sodium and Water
(Part 5)
...
solution can be absorbed and result in a dilutional hyponatremia. The metabolism
of sorbitol and glycine to CO
2
and water may lead to hypotonicity if the
accumulated fluid a...