Chapter 033 Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 6) pps

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 6) Distinguishing Cardiogenic from Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema The history is essential for assessing ... pulmonary edema. The physical examination in cardiogenic pulmonary edema is notable for evidence of increased intracardiac pressures (S3 gallop, elevated jugular venous pulse, peripheral edema) , ......

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... of chest tightness. J-receptors, sensitive to interstitial edema, and pulmonary vascular receptors, activated by acute changes in pulmonary artery pressure, appear to contribute to air hunger. ... and feedback messages do not match, an error signal is generated and the intensity of dyspnea increases. (Adapted from Gillette and Schwartzstein.) Motor Efferents Disorders o...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 3) Differential Diagnosis Dyspnea is the consequence of deviations from normal function in the cardiopulmonary systems. ... contribute to dyspnea, both by increasing the work of breathing and by stimulating pulmonary receptors if there is associated atelectasis. Gas Exchanger Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and aspi...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... indicates pulmonary venous hypertension, while enlarged central pulmonary arteries suggest pulmonary artery hypertension. An enlarged cardiac silhouette suggests a Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary ... interstitial edema or fibrosis, diaphragmatic dysfunction, or impaired chest wall motion). The pulmonary parenchyma should be examined for evidence of interstitial diseas...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... vascular markings in Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 5) Distinguishing Cardiovascular from Respiratory System Dyspnea If a patient has evidence of both pulmonary and cardiac disease, ... forces, and a propensity for the alveoli to collapse at low lung volumes. Physiologically, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is characterized by intrapulmonary shu...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 033. Dyspnea and Pulmonary Edema (Part 2) Integration: Efferent-Reafferent Mismatch A discrepancy or mismatch between the feed-forward message to the ventilatory muscles and ... unpleasant and interpreted as abnormal. We are still in the early stages of learning the best ways to assess the affective dimension of dyspnea. Some therapies for dyspnea, such a...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Neuroimaging studies reveal a low-lying conus (below L1-L2) and a short and thickened filum terminale. Chapter 016. Back and Neck Pain (Part 6) Congenital Anomalies of the Lumbar Spine Spondylolysis ... This is a common cause of chronic or recurrent low back and leg pain (Figs. 16-3 and 16-4). Disk disease is most likely to occur at the L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels, but...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 12:20

... improve safety, including improved lighting and the installation of grab bars and nonslip surfaces. Chapter 024. Gait and Balance Disorders (Part 6) Toppling Falls Some patients maintain ... imbalance, apprehension, and fear of falling. Deficits in joint position and vibration sense are apparent on physical examination. Interventions to Reduce the Risk of Falls and...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... improve immune function and reduce the inflammatory response. Parenteral emulsions containing medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil are available in Europe and Japan but not yet ... reasonable to actually measure energy expenditure and to aim for energy balance with SNS. Insulin resistance is associated with increased gluconeogenesis and reduced glucose utilization...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... hypoalbuminemia, hypokalemia and caloric deficits may be involved in the edema of starvation. Other Causes of Edema These include hypothyroidism, in which the edema (myxedema) is located typically ... of Edema The distribution of edema is an important guide to its cause. Thus, edema limited to one leg or to one or both arms is usually the result of venous and/ or lymph...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21